Wendy Peterson Case Analysis Essays - 1676 Words

Business Memo To: From: Date: 2/5/2014 Subject: Manager-Employee Issues I am writing the memo to share some issues I have with one of my employees. Ten moths ago I hired a salesman with Chinese origin to help the company to take over the Chinese businesses in Plano, Texas. I cannot â€Å"click on personal level† with him since the very beginning of our relationship which is causing troubles in our communications. Another reason for our communication problem could be the different cultural background we have and our opposite personalities. I believe employees should be able to connect to their leader to become good followers. I think I am extrovert and should be able to get closer to him over time but there are some other issues that I†¦show more content†¦In our company only a few senior salesmen have personal assistant which gives me to choose between cave to Wu’s demands or terminate him. Managing subordinates with different cultural backgrounds and working styles from your own is very hard because it makes your decision as manager subjective. Managers tend to evaluate the attitude of the subordinate not his performance and any differences are seen as problems. This creates tension at workplace, atmosphere of low cooperation. Dealing with situation like this should be done with reflecting mind set and self regulation. The manager should step back, explore the issue, weight positives versus negatives, accept the person the way he is and try to be objective in his evaluation. Dealing with â€Å"different† subordinate involves paying specific attention to the concept of â€Å"psychological work contract.† According to this concept the employee will maintain the high production, low grievances if the manager guarantees and respects the norms of the employee informal culture (let the employees alone, make certain they make adequate wages, and have secure jobs ). The issue is that subordinate’s norms of informal culture are altered and usually managers keep requiring the same input without keeping his part of the contract. Understanding the different cultural background and accepting the different working style should help you in taking rational decision. A manager should not be thinking about a problem employee butShow MoreRelatedWendy Peterson case analysis Essay1176 Words   |  5 Pagesleadership style and development level of my subordinate. I should reconsider my participating approach towards my employees. It definitely worked for our branch and the financial results are proving it but most of the salesmen were new to the company. In case of salesmen with more experience and high readiness to do the work and accomplish results I should lower relationship behavior and delegate more duties. Low level of cooperation that we have causes a competition between us and solving the conflictRead More Fashion Magazines and Body Image Essay5340 Words   |  22 Pagesmass media, and several researchers have demonstrated how the female body depicted in the media has become increasingly thin (Garner, Garfinkel, Schwartz, Thompson, 1980; Ogletree, Williams, Raffeld, Mason, Fricke, 1990; Silverstein, Perdue, Peterson, Kelly, 1986; Wiseman, Gray, Mosimann, Ahrens, 1992). Assessing the height, weight, and body measurements of Playboy centerfolds and of Miss America Pageant contestants from 1960 to 1979, Garner et al. (1980) found that the percent of averageRead MoreSolution Manual, Test Bank and Instructor Manuals34836 Words   |  140 PagesMethod, 5th Edition_Daryl L. Logan (SM) A First Course in the Finite Element Method, SI Version, 5th Edition_ Daryl L. Logan (SM) A Framework for Marketing Management, 4E_Philip R Kotler,Kevin Lane Keller (TB) A Friendly Introduction to Numerical Analysis,Brian Bradie (ISM) A Guide to International Financial Reporting Standards, 3rd Edition_Belverd E. Needles, Marian Powers (SM+TB) A Guide to Modern Econometrics, 4th Edition_Marno Verbeek (SM) A History of Modern Psychology, 10th Edition _ DuaneRead MoreProject Managemant29326 Words   |  118 Pagesgoals, such as providing air transportation more effectively and efficiently. Information technology projects are initiated for several reasons, but the most important one is to support explicit business objectives. As mentioned in the opening case, Northwest Airlines was having financial difficulties in the early 1990s, so reducing costs was a key business objective. Providing an information system to stop the financial drain caused by the reservation call centers was the primary objectiveRead MoreConsumer Research in the Early Stages of New Product Development27148 Words   |  109 Pagestaken in the early stages of the development process in relation to health claim formulation, segment determination and product selection. Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive conceptual and empirical comparison of internal and external preference analysis. In addition to a comparison on statistical criteria, this study explicitly takes the end-user perspective into account by comparing both techniques on various end-user criteria. The final empirical chapter in this thesis (chapter 6) studies theRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pages....................................................... 614 UNIVERSAL PRACTICES VS. 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Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesvi BRIEF CONTENTS 4 The Organization System 16 Organizational Culture 511 17 Human Resource Policies and Practices 543 18 Organizational Change and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management

Legal and Ethical Considerations - 2093 Words

Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Kellie L. Plowden LEG 500 Doris Mitchell December 12, 2013 Everyone knows that direct- to consumer-marketing is focused on the patients. There are a lot of ways to get the attention of these patients. Advertising can be done through social media, print, radio, television, and word of mouth. â€Å"Prescription direct-to-consumer advertising has become a highly scrutinized and researched topic in healthcare marketing,† (Rollins, B.L., King, K. Zinkhan G., amp; Perri, M., 2011.). Banning direct-to-consumer would be very beneficial. The reason is because of the misconception and manipulation that it can cause the public. Especially when the elderly†¦show more content†¦Nor is it ethical to do things that are against the law just to meet production. The consequences behind someone doing something do not necessarily make it right or wrong, it is the person motives. The development of humans ethical abilities called virtue through training; often exposes the ethical behavior from being around families and communities. We learn how to be generous, courageous, honest, cheerful, and cooperative through virtues. These virtues come from everyday living conditions as well as from different social settings. We also learn from ethics that the learning habits we have embraced can help us excel in everyday life. â€Å"However, PharmaCARE’s virtue ethics with the Colberians were wrong because even though the executive managers own the native land, they should have treated the people with some dignity and respect,† (Halbert amp; Ingulli, 2012). Ethic of care philosophy based on caring for others according to Carol Gilligan, and how people strongly linked together through nettings relationships in which ethical decisions cannot be made outside the context of those relationships. Ethics becomes the importance of fostering and strengthening the ties people have towards one another and requires them to think about the best way to nurture and strengthen the relationship. Ethic of care follows the abstract prin ciples rules to avoid harm, but with the untidy responsibility ofShow MoreRelatedLegal and Ethical Considerations1046 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Legal and Ethical Considerations in Healthcare BAT 1 Shadow charts were developed to gather data and information for additional departments and medical personnel that need access to part of a patient’s file or records. The original records should always remain in the patient’s primary chart allow copies may be available to ancillary departments that may need access to the information. The same level of confidentiality and security applies to the shadow charts. They must be in aRead MoreThe Ethical And Legal Considerations1813 Words   |  8 PagesBackground/Aims/Introduction Abuse is of no surprise when looking at the history of medical examinations and experiments, especially with children. As a result, there have been many ethical and legal considerations taken to ensure the safety and protection of participants within research and clinical trials within the medical field. When it comes to assessing a child’s decision making capacity, researchers often need to avoid two pitfalls: imposing complex medical decisions on children who areRead MoreEthical And Legal Considerations Scenario921 Words   |  4 Pagesbecause it is against her family values. She also believes it is her fault that they broke up. What ethical considerations and processes must you consider in working with Angela? There is an ethical duty to report a client of any age when there are reports of suicidal attempts or ideation. Confidentiality is a consideration, but the safety of Angela is the first priority. There is a legal and ethical duty to report if there is a foreseeable harm (Remley, T. P., Herlihy, B., 2010). A counselor mustRead MoreLegal Ethics And Ethical Considerations1169 Words   |  5 Pages Legal and ethical considerations. A number of ethical considerations are unique to couples and family therapy. Because most couples and family therapists focus on the family system as the client rather than on the individual’s dynamics, potential ethical dilemmas can arise from the first session, which need to be clarified. Because of the increased complexity of their work, couples and family therapist are faced with more potential ethical conflicts than are practitioners who specialize in individualRead More Ethical and Legal Considerations in Social Work1094 Words   |  5 Pagespatient information (Sheafor Horejsi, 2012). Social workers are also obligated by the professions NASW code of ethics which addresses the issue of privacy and confidentiality under the section entitled social workers ethical responsibilities to clients. Section 1.07, under the ethical standards section of the NASW, states that social workers should respect clients rights to privacy (1.07[a]) by pro tecting the confidentiality of all information obtained in the course of professional service, exceptRead MoreLegal and Ethical Considerations - Task 13401 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿Running head: LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS – TASK 1 Legal and Ethical Considerations – Task 1 Name Western Governors University Legal and Ethical Considerations – Task 1 A shadow chart is a partial copy of a patient’s medical history, kept by health care providers or departments for the sake of convenience. A shadow chart is not part of the official medical record. It is a working document where information can be added and removed as necessary toRead MoreCultural, Ethical and Legal Considerations in Psychological Testing1400 Words   |  6 PagesCultural, Ethical and Legal Considerations in Psychological Testing Cultural Considerations in Psychological Testing Culture differs in every part of the world and in these differences; psychology addresses the people who take part in the idea of culture and its practices. In psychological testing, many issues are raised regarding how such tests are appropriate for different groups of people, underlying their traditions, races, and sex. It has always been a challenge for testing and assessmentRead MoreEssay about Legal and Ethical Considerations of Marketing1697 Words   |  7 PagesThe Legal and Ethical Considerations of Marketing in America Paper Evolution of the Market Orientation explains why marketing is a driving force in the modern global economy. First of all, the first stage was covered up until the early years of the 1920’s, in the United States, called the ‘production era’. Goods were scarce and buyers were willing to accept virtually any goods that were available and make do with them. The ‘sales era’ picked up right after the early 1920’s to the 1960’sRead MoreEthical Considerations in the Legal Prosecution of Robbery and Murder Cases926 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction In this short essay, the author will consider the various ethical considerations and problems that will need to be addressed in the legal prosecution of a robbery and a murder case. This will include dealing with the ethical problems involved in the investigation of the crimes as well as prosecution problems that arise when the case is presented for trial if the investigator was unethical. Finally, we will examine the ethical issues that are directly related to the prosecutor in these casesRead MoreLegal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property3677 Words   |  15 Pages Assignment 3: Legal and Ethical Considerations in Marketing, Product Safety, and Intellectual Property Strayer University LEG 500: Law, Ethics Corp. Governance Prepared for: Dr. Ellen Kapalko 03/16/2014 Research three to five (3-5) ethical issues relating to marketing and advertising, intellectual property, and regulation of product safety.   Marketing and Advertising Every aspect of the marketing and advertising mix is subject to laws and restrictions. Every marketing manager

Organizational Change Linking Research

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Change for Linking Research. Answer: Introduction Change is the transition from a know state to an unknown state and is influenced by uncertainty and insecurity. The case The Philippine Daily Inquirer depicts a situation wherein the leading newspaper experiences a need for organisational change to cope up with rapidly changing technology and business processes to meet the demands of the modern marketplace. The globalisation of markets, advancement in technology and generational differences among employees are the three main pressures for change experienced by Inquirer (Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, 2011). To retain its market position Inquirer needs to adapt to changing technology, change its complacent organisational culture and manage resistance to change shown by employees. Different organisational behaviour theories and concepts are used to identify the problems, analyse them and provide recommendations. Problems Identified As the company moved from one growth phase to another it faced a number of organisational behavioural problems. When the company moved to their brand-new building in Makati and new employees were hired pioneers could sense the changes wherein old employee felt that new employee lack enough experience and are not aware of sacrifices made by old employees. This symptom points out to the generational difference that was building up within the company and was soon to become a source to unhealthy competition and rivalry among employees(Robbins and Judge., 2013). Generational difference if not managed effectively on time has adverse affects on companys organisational culture. Later in the case it is seen how the new employees hired for forming an independent web-focused group was seen as rivals by the old editors. These two groups would not work in cooperation with each other even though this cooperation was essential for the successful future of the Inquirer. The company thus was facing a need for change in organisational culture owing to pressure caused by generational difference between old and new employees. Advancement in technology with the introduction of internet and feature rich mobile devices lead to a decline in newspaper readership as more and more people preferred reading news online anytime, anywhere. Inquirer was facing a need to adapt to changing ways of working and invest more on developing their website along with remaining competitive in newspaper publishing. Old employees at Inquirer were showing resistance to change as they were adapted to old ways of working and were facing a threat of competition from new employees. Lettys micro-management style was also hampering the culture of the company and was actually serving as a barrier to future goals. Analysis and Evaluation As analysis of the problems faced by Inquirer shows that the company is suffering from a culture of complacency wherein its pioneers and old employees are satisfied with how things are working currently and is unaware of the fact that to survive in changing times it is important to make them better(Tucker, 2010). Pioneers and old employees at Inquirer are ignoring the urgency of change that is caused by advancement in technology and generational difference. Inquirer is also facing. The company had developed a culture of dictatorship and faced issues owing to Lettys micro-management leadership style. As depicted in the case study pioneers and old employees are showing resistance to change as they have become slaves to traditional newspaper process. Owing to the culture of complacency existing within the company, employees experience a feeling of self-satisfaction and contentment which is coupled with an unawareness of upcoming dangers and troubles (Allen and Skelton, 2005). Inquirers pioneers and old employees have entered a comfort zone wherein their roles, position and power to control people and things are clearly defined. These employees are experiencing a threat to lose their position and power if the changes are implemented. Pioneers and old employees are trying to prove that the new employees are not experienced enough as they were not associated with the company in tough times. They are not ready to adapt with the generational differences instead are treating new employees hired to form an independent web-focused group as their rivals resulting in an unhealthy competitive work culture. The case depicts high level of centralisation at the top management within the editorial group. Almost all planning and decision making is done by pioneers and lower level or new employees are not involved in the process of decision making (McShane et al., 2015). There is a culture of autocracy which stems from Lettys micro-management leadership style. She comes late to the office because of which the complete newspaper process gets delay and has a direct impact on news website. Junior editors followed all her decisions and instructions as she had gained high respect and control being one of the pioneer editors. Nothing went on the first page of the newspaper without her guidance and scrutiny. This high level of centralisation within the editorial group was a threat to Inquirers competitive advantage and market position as the complete newspaper production was affected by it. Current level of departmentalisation is also adding to cultural problems at Inquirer and is giving rise to un healthy competition among different departments which must work in coordination with each other to achieved desired organisational goals and create a unified Inquirer brand (King and Lawley, 2013). The employees in the newspaper department and web-focused department saw each other as rivals making cooperation between the two departments very difficult. The editorial group at Inquirer is currently facing the storming stage of team development wherein they are working with new members and teams and are unaware of each other competencies and needs. At this stage of team development team members compete with each other instead of working in cooperation(Wheelan, 2014). They compete for acceptance of their ideas and status within the team. Letty who is one of the most respected editors and leaders at Inquirer is described as a slave to traditional newspaper process; she comes late to office because of which the complete newspaper process is delayed. She has a micro-management leadership style wherein she controls and directs her subordinates and ensures that nothing is moved to front page of newspaper without her approval (White, 2010). She acts as if all other editors lack the competence required to perform the tasks in desired ways. Her leadership style is affecting Inquirer change process in an adverse way and is giving rise to resist ance to change. She knows that the changes required are important but her actions are not in favour of change. To retain Inquirer market position and competitive advantage it is important to change its organisational culture and make it more adaptive to the environment. Lewins change management model can be used to bring about desired changes in Inquirer organisational culture(Bateh, Castaneda and Farah, 2013). The three steps of unfreeze, move and refreeze needs to be followed in a sequential manner. Sandy must clearly communicate inquirers mission to all old and new employees and create urgency for change. He must communicate to them the significance of effective diversity management and how important it is for all departments to work in cooperation to create and maintain a unified Inquirer brand. He has to encourage two way communication and involve all employee in the decision making process either directly or indirectly (Erwin and Garman, 2010). He should implement a reward and recognition system to recognise strong performance and show that all employees are equally competent to handle responsibilities assigned to them. It is important to motivate and engage all employees in the change process to minimise resistance to change and achieve desired goals. Recommendations Organisational change is a process that is difficult to manage and understand and presents complex challenges. Effective communication, employee engagement and empathy are the three drivers to successful change management. Resistance to change can be management by creating a vision for the change and ensuring this vision is effectively communicated to employee with an aim to create urgency for change. Advancement in technology and generational difference are the two main pressures that are forcing Inquirer to change its organisational culture. Inquirer complacent organisational culture is serving as the primary source of resistance to change and it has become essential to break this culture and enter the norming stage of team development. Pioneers and old employees at Inquirer needs to change their leadership style and respect diversity at work place to retain the companys market position and competitive advantage in todays dynamic business environment. References Allen, T. and Skelton, T. (2005) Culture and Global Change, New Jersey: Routledge. Bateh, J., Castaneda, M.E. and Farah, J.E. (2013) 'Employee Resistance To Organizational Change', International Journal of Management Information Systems (IJMIS), vol. 17, no. 2. Erwin, D.G. and Garman, A.N. (2010) 'Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice', Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-56. Hellriegel, D. and John W. Slocum, J. (2011) Organizational Behaviour, 13th edition, New York: Cengage Learning. King, D. and Lawley, S. (2013) Organizational Behaviour, Oxford: OUP Oxford. McShane, S., Olekalns, M., Newman, A. and Travaglione, T. (2015) Organisational Behaviour 5e; Emerging Knowledge. Global Insights, Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Robbins, S.P. and Judge., T.A. (2013) Organizational Behaviour, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Tucker, J. (2010) 'Financial crises: a culture of complacency', Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 7-23. Wheelan, S.A. (2014) Creating Effective Teams: A Guide for Members and Leaders, London: SAGE Publications. White, R.D. (2010) 'The Micromanagement Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Cure', Public Personnel Management, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 71-76.

The Tom Tom Company

Abstract This analytical treatise offers an explicit review of the Tom Tom Company’s business environment. The main focus of this paper is the internal and external environments, SWOT and recommendations for the future strategies that the company should implement. The recommendations identified include remodeling of the company’s marketing strategy and decision making processes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Tom Tom Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal environment analysis Corporate strategy Within the automotive navigation systems industry of the Netherlands, the business magnitude of the Tom Tom Company is wide and well organised into different subs stores and has a strong presence in all the continents of the globe. The company has an active presence in the main urban towns within the Netherlands besides several franchises. Business strategy The company has stratified its targ et market into wholesaler, retailer, and small business segments. The products are also produced in different quality in order to maximise the returns from clients in the upper and lower economic ladders. Despite the relatively crowded market, Tom Tom has designed and integrated reliable and efficient in-house and external suppliers to ensure the flow of its products within and out of the Dutch territory. Business structures The performance of the Tom Tom Company within the expansive automotive navigation systems industry in the Netherlands is highly dependent on the buyer-power in terms of their purchasing power. For instance, the current 5% discount for many of its products and free shipping for purchases beyond a certain quantity has ensured that the business is geared towards maximising its returns. International strategy Through competitive pricing, strategic expansion, and planned diversification, the Tom Tom Company has managed to establish a strong international market niche despite the rivalry. At present, the company controls 38% of the international market and has a very responsive customer support and online maintenance team for every continent. Capabilities and strategic issues in diagnosis The Tom Tom Company has a great opportunity for expansion since the market is inclined to its advantage. For instance, its innovative approach to addressing consumer concerns via the customer support centres and a well organised distribution network will ensure sustainable and rapid expansion into new market niches. External environment analysis General environment and industry The Tom Tom Company operates in the automotive navigation systems industry. The company has established leadership in the European market and controls 39% of it. Currently, the retail and wholesale business segments are the leading sources of revenues amounting to five million dollars in the last twelve months.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competitors The main competitors of the Tom Tom Company are the Navico Holding A.S, MiTAC International Corporation and the Garmin Limited. However, the company has a more global presence than these competitors. For instance, the company controls more than ten percent of the global market. Overall potential of the company Strengths The company has already established itself in the global market and offers competitive prices for its products. The company’s product prices are almost 20% cheaper than those of its competitors. Opportunities The company has the opportunity of diversifying marketing beyond its current scope of operations because of its wide distribution channels. Besides, its supply chain, online sales platform, and the franchised operations have the potential for expansion into the under-exploited Africa market. Weaknesses Most of the models of supply chain management at Tom Tom propose a linear for mat to make judgments within the organisation. As a result, responding to the issues raised by the customers often takes a longer time than is expected by the clients. Threats The company’s modernism business approach makes it miss on exact predictions of its desirable future positions. For instance the projected business expansion strategy of 2011 failed to meet the expectations by almost 30%. There are many competitors in the market, especially the big players mentioned earlier. Recommendations The company needs to make use of the current technology in order to remain on top of its competitors. Also, the company should change its approach to strategic insight and execution of strategic plans (Wheelen Hunger, 2008). Reference Wheelen, T., Hunger, D. (2008). Strategic management and business policy: concepts and cases(13thed.). London, UK: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Tom Tom Company specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on The Tom Tom Company was written and submitted by user Javier Petty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Law Worksheet Essays

Communication Law Worksheet Essays Communication Law Worksheet Essay Communication Law Worksheet Essay 1. Communication Law is primarily about the First Amendment. What different types of speech can you identify that may have different protection under the first amendment? Under the First Amendment many types of speech receive the most stringent levels of protection while others receive little to no protection at all. Political or religious speech are two of the biggest and most important areas of speech that receive the most protection and seem to be at the core of the First Amendment rights. These two types of speech receive a great deal of scrutiny, however that scrutiny is usually never upheld. Other areas of speech involving obscenities receive no protection under the First Amendment. Commercial speech is an area of speech that in recent years is starting to gain a great deal of protection under the First Amendment. It has been determined that restrictions on commercial speech be subject to intermediate scrutiny. As a result of commercial speech many food and drug regulations have been invalidated. Commercial speech has recently gone from absolutely no protection under the First Amendment to qualified protection. Commercial speech was limited to promotion of commercial activities. Under the commercial speech doctrine speech does not lose its constitutional protection simply because it appears in a commercial context. Placing want ads in a newspaper is an area of commercial speech that is now protected under this doctrine, however those areas of commercial speech that promote illegal things like employment discrimination is indeed illegal and not protected under the First Amendment. 2. Name and discuss three of the first amendment theories found in the text. Freedom of expression started back in 1791 when the First Amendment was ratified in regards to freedom of the presses. Since the freedom of expression has changed dramatically with new media outlets like television, radio, and the Internet. Freedom of expression was and is used today as having no prior censorship. It also protects people from punishment after publication. Freedom of expression is quite different today, and today there can be nine different definitions of freedom of expression and are usually based on Supreme Court justices. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 â€Å"forbade false, scandalous, and malicious publications against the U. S. government, congress, and the President† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 48). The law was used to punish those who sought to cause problems and urged resistance to the government. There were 15 prosecutions under this law, many of which belonged to leading papers in the nation at that time. This law was overturned in 1801 and President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under this law. Today people are allowed to criticize the government and publicly hold views that do not go along with the government or the current administration with little to no prosecution. Taxation of the presses is another area und the First Amendment that has come under scrutiny. Taxing of newspapers and other press outlets was deemed unconstitutional. Government could not tax some members of certain branches over others, and taxing against the content of a publication was also found to be unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional also to â€Å"rule that selective taxation of the press through the narrow targeting of individual members offends the First Amendment and that a differential taxation of First Amendment speakers is constitutionally suspect when it threatens to suppress the expression of particular ideas or viewpoints† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 65). 3. What does prior restraint mean? Why is it important? Prior restraint is an official restriction of speech prior to publication. â€Å"Prior restraint refers to an unconstitutional attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is restraint on free speech and free press prohibited by the First Amendment† (USlegal. com, 2010). Areas that are covered under prior restraint are allowed to be published include libel, slander, obvious miss-truths, anti-government feelings and attitudes, racial and religious areas, and most any material where public security or public safety is not compromised. Public estraint also prohibits felons from profiting off of their crimes. It is used to describe the printing and profiting of illegal crimes. Prior restraint has gone through many revisions since its original inception. Prior restraint is important because it violates First Amendment rights. Free speech and free press should have priority but under prior restraint they do not. â€Å"Blackstone’s theory on this subjec t held that liberty of the press depended on having no prior restraints on publications and not in freedom from punishment when criminal matter is published† (USlegal. om, 2010). References Pember, D. R. , Clavert, C. (2011). Mass media law (17th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. First Amendment Religion and Expression Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press . (1996). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from Network Abuse Clearinghouse: abuse. net/commercial. html Prior restraint law legal definition. (2010). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from US legal: http://definitions. uslegal. com/p/prior-restraint/

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders Black widow spiders are feared for their potent venom, and rightfully so, to some degree. But much of what you think is true about the black widow is probably more myth than fact. Interesting Things About Black Widow Spiders These 10 fascinating facts about black widow spiders will teach you how to identify them, how they behave, and how to minimize your risk of being bitten. Widow spiders arent always black When most people talk about the black widow spider, they likely think theyre referring to a particular spider species. But in the U.S. alone, there are three different kinds of black widows (northern, southern, and western). And although we tend to refer to all members of the genus Lactrodectus as black widows, widow spiders arent always black. There are 31 species of Lactrodectus spiders worldwide. In the U.S., these include a brown widow and a red widow. Only adult female black widows inflict dangerous bites Female widow spiders are larger than males. It is believed, therefore, that female black widows can penetrate vertebrate skin more effectively than males and inject more venom when they bite. Nearly all medically significant black widow bites are inflicted by female spiders. Male widow spiders and spiderlings are rarely a cause for concern, and some experts even say they dont bite. Black widow females rarely eat their mates Lactrodectus spiders are widely thought to practice sexual cannibalism, where the smaller male is sacrificed after mating. In fact, this belief is so widespread the term black widow has become synonymous for femme fatale, a kind of seductress who lures men with the intention of bringing harm to them. But studies show that such behavior is actually quite rare in widow spiders in the wild, and even uncommon among captive spiders. Sexual cannibalism is actually practiced by quite a few insects and spiders and is not unique to the often maligned black widow. Most (but not all) widow spiders can be identified by a red hourglass marking Nearly all black widow females bear a distinct hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen. In most species, the hourglass is bright red or orange, in sharp contrast to its shiny black abdomen. The hourglass may be incomplete, with a break in the middle, in certain species like the northern black widow (Lactrodectus variolus). However, the red widow, Lactrodectus bishopi, does not have an hourglass marking, so be mindful that not all widow spiders are identified by this feature. Black widow spiderlings look nothing like the black and red spiders we recognize as black widows Widow spider nymphs are mostly white when they hatch from the egg sac. As they undergo successive molts, the spiderlings gradually darken in color, from tan to gray, usually with white or beige markings. Female spiderlings take longer to reach maturity than their brothers but eventually turn dark black and red. So that drab, pale little spider you found just might be a widow spider, albeit an immature one. Black widows make cobwebs Black widow spiders belong to the spider family Theridiidae, commonly called the cobweb spiders. These spiders, black widows included, construct sticky, irregular silk webs to ensnare their prey. Members of this spider family are also referred to as comb-foot spiders because they have a row of bristles on their back legs to help them wrap silk around their prey. But no need to worry. Although they are closely related to the house spiders building cobwebs in the corners of your home, black widows rarely come indoors. Female black widows have poor eyesight Black widows rely on their silk webs to see whats going on around them because they cant see very well. The black widow female usually hides in a hole or crevice and builds her web as an extension of her hiding spot. From the safety of her retreat, she can feel the vibrations of her web when either prey or predator comes in contact with the silk threads. Male widow spiders looking for mates use this to their advantage. The male black widow will cut and rearrange the females web, making it difficult for her to sense whats happening, before carefully approaching her to mate. Black widow venom is 15 times as toxic as that of the prairie rattlesnake Widow spiders do pack a powerful punch of neurotoxins in their venom. By volume, Lactrodectus venom is an extremely toxic mix of poisons capable of causing muscle cramps, severe pain, hypertension, weakness and sweating in bite victims. But black widow spiders are significantly smaller than rattlesnakes, and theyre built for subduing other small invertebrates, not large mammals like people. When a black widow spider bites a person, the volume of neurotoxins injected in the victim is small.   Black widow spider bites are rarely fatal Although black widow bites can be painful and require medical treatment, they are very rarely fatal.   In fact, the majority of black widow bites cause only mild symptoms, and many bite victims dont even realize they were bitten. In a review of over 23,000 documented Lactrodectus envenomation cases that occurred in the U.S. from 2000 to 2008, the study authors noted that not a single death occurred as a result of a black widow bite. Only 1.4% of bite victims suffered major effects of black widow venom. Before the invention of indoor plumbing, most black widow bites occurred in outhouses Black widows dont often invade homes, but they do like to inhabit human-built structures like sheds, barns, and outhouses. And unfortunately for those who lived before the water closet was commonplace, black widows like to retreat under the seats of outdoor privies, perhaps because the smell attracts so many delicious flies for them to catch. Men who use pit toilets should be aware of this disturbing little factoid – most black widow bites are inflicted on penises, thanks to their tendency to dangle threateningly into the black widows territory beneath the seat. A 1944 case study published in the Annals of Surgery noted that, of 24 black widow bite cases reviewed, eleven bites were on the penis, one was on the scrotum, and four were on the buttocks. A full 16 of the 24 victims were bitten while sitting on the toilet. Sources Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Significance, 6th edition, by Jerome Stoddard.Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitey Cranshaw and Richard Redak.The Black Widow Spider, by Karen M. Vail, Carl Jones, and Harry Williams, University of Tennessee. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, Occupational Safety and Health Administration fact sheet, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, North Carolina State University. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow and Other Widow Spiders, University fo California IPM Program. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Black Widow, Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Genus Lactrodectus – Widow Spiders, Bugguide.net. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Treatment of Black Widow Spider Envenomation with Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans: A Case Series, by S. R. Offerman, G. P. Daubert, and R. F. Clark. The Permanente Journal,  15(3), 7 6–81 (2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015. A US Perspective of SymptomaticLatrodectus  spp. Envenomation and Treatment: A National Poison Data System Review, by Andrew A. Monte, Becki Bucher-Bartelson, and Kennon J. Heard. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45(12), 1491-1498 (December 2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider Bite, by H. T. Kirby-Smith.  Annals of Surgery, 115(2), 249–257 (1942).

International Business Management (Strategic Alliances types) Essay

International Business Management (Strategic Alliances types) - Essay Example Features responsible for success of an alliance are managing co-ordination and trust between partners. Trust develops through various processes as commitment, bargaining and interaction. The alliance must also develop trust between its vendors and customers, this is relational capital. Trust among the customers raises the alliance reputation capital, consequently resulting to alliance success. Alliances are founded on contract and not friendship bases, therefore, each partner is expected to be committed and display its trustworthy. The alliance maintenance must focus on trust between the parties involved and the degree of adherence to set rules and regulations. The partners have the advantage to learn from each other without exploiting each other through resources or capabilities. Knowledge diffuses takes place from one firm to all the alliance parties. In each alliance well defined, rules are set aside to protect the parties from exploitation by the giant partners. The general types of strategic alliances are Joint venture, non-equity alliance, equity strategic alliance and global strategic alliance (Gomes, 2011, p. 53-47). Joint venture alliance involves a long term investment between two or more organisation which benefits all partners. The investment includes funds, resources and facilities which are contributed equally by the associated companies. A classic example of the joint venture is Caltex Company that is formed between the California Standard oil and the Texaco Company earlier known as Texas Company (Mitchell, 2013, p. 77). The petroleum company products are available in more than 60 countries in the Asia, Middle East, pacific region and the Southern Africa. Caltex is a global organisation having its product distributed and consumed in many parts of the world. The companies combined their resources together to create a separate business. Chevron had plenty oil wells but