JOHN F KENNEDY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

JOHN F KENNEDY - Research Paper Example In that context when John F Kennedy took over the presidency of America, through his benign and confident personality, he ushered in a spirit of positivity and reconciliation. He introduced the American masses to the innate strength of their nation and to a large extent inspired them to work for the good of their country. The good thing is that the positivity Kennedy inspired left a legacy of hope that continues to inspire the Americans even today, when Kennedy is no more. John F Kennedy’s father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy was a multi millionaire who accrued his fortunes in banking, stock markets, film industry, and ship building (Kenney 34). John F Kennedy happened to be the second of Joseph Patrick Kennedy’s nine children (Kenney 34). There is no denying the fact that Kennedy was brought up in a family well endowed with fortune and clout. On his mother’s side, Kennedy was related to John F Fitzgerald, his maternal grandfather who at one time also happened to be the mayor of Boston (Kenney 34). In the Kennedy family, competition, hard work and ambition were intensely encouraged amongst children, the traits that were to accompany Kennedy for the rest of his life. In 1941 Kennedy joined the American Navy (Kenney 21). By the time Kennedy got discharged from Navy, his brother Joe was lost to war and the onus to carry on the family ambition and aspirations fell on the shoulders of John F Kennedy (Kenney 21). Kennedy geared up to accept t his responsibility and in 1946, at the age of 29, became a congressman, the outcome of a determinedly and sincerely run campaign (Kenney 28). However, this achievement was still small to wet the ambition of Kennedy and so he decided to fight for the Senate in 1952 (Kenney 28). In 1953 John F Kennedy expanded his social and political clout by marrying Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, associated with a privileged and famous family (Kenney 29). The couple indeed

How To Read Literature Like A Professor

How To Read Literature Like A Professor Using the table below, write a chapter summary in the center column for the corresponding chapter of Thomas Fosters How to Read Literature like a Professor (HTRLLAP). In the right column, consider how the chapter provides insight into Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Provide support for and explain your connection to the novel. You are to include at least one quotation from Frankenstein in each Connection response (including MLA style citations). Type your answers directly into the chart (you may expand the boxes) and save electronically to be uploaded to turnitin.com. HTRLLAP Chapter HTRLLAP Summary Frankenstein Connection Chapter 1: Every Trip is a Quest Foster states the essential criteria for a quest: a character to embark on the quest, a destination, the initial reason for reaching the destination, difficulties faced on the way, and the actual reason to reach the destination. The character many times does not complete the initial assignment, instead achieving an increased understanding of themselves, which Foster explains is always the actual reason for a quest. Because of this, the protagonist is normally young and has not gained independence. The initial reason usually wanes with progression of the story. Had I a right, for my own benefit, to inflict this curse upon everlasting generations?I shuddered to think that future ages might curse me as their pest, whose selfishness had not hesitated to buy its own peace at the price perhaps of the existence of the whole human race. (Shelley 114-115) Assuming that Frankensteins quest was to create another being to accompany his monster so that the monster would leave Frankensteins loved ones unscathed, his initial assignment was uncompleted as he tore apart the being he was making. Instead, Frankenstein gains knowledge of where his priorities lie and how his loyalty to the human race prevailed over his own wants and needs. Chapter 6: When in doubt,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The effects of Shakespeares work on other authors are on hand for discussion in this chapter. Foster addresses the perpetual presence of Shakespeare in the minds of most writers, and how that causes them to at times build off of his work and use it as a foundation for their own. Foster also gives detail on how prevalent Shakespeare is in modern times in the form of quotes that one would be able to recognize even having never read his work. Also mentioned with regards to Shakespeare is intertextuality, or the indirect to direct communication between Shakespeare and later works, where the latter derives influence from Shakespeare. Seek happiness in tranquility, and avoid ambition, even if it be the only apparently innocent one of distinguishing yourself in science and discoveries. Yet why do I say this? I have myself been blasted in these hopes, yet another may succeed. (Shelley 152) The aspect of the novel which features the desire for knowledge, power and recognition is not unlike that of Macbeth in which the main character, like Frankenstein, desires something greater than he has, and loses a loved one(s) in the process of trying to control his future. Both characters die having not reached their goals, as the result of going too far in pursuit of them. Macbeth does not become king, as Frankenstein does not destroy his monster. Chapter 9: Its Greek to Me Foster addresses the role that myths can take on in a work of literature. Having faith in the myths that an author writes about is immaterial, he says, and what really contains importance is the way a myth or legend can provide substance for works that follow it. This works are not limited to writing, and include works of visual art, music, etc. Since myths can donate theme, imagery and other elements to subsequent works by other writers, Foster recommends that readers become familiar with mythology in order to enhance their understanding of literature. By degrees the calm and heavenly scene restored me, and I continued my journey towards Geneva. (Shelley 47) Persecuted and tortured as I am and have been, can death be any evil to me? (Shelley 124) These two quotes, along with the knowledge of what Frankenstein has done and where he has journeyed in reference to science, show the effect that it has caused upon him. Shelley calls Frankenstein a Modern Prometheus, and just as Prometheus went past the boundaries of man, so did Frankenstein, and the formers punishment was to have his liver eaten by an eagle, only to have it be restored overnight. This identifies with Frankensteins inner torture, temporarily muted by the peace of nature but always to return again. Chapter 10: Its More than Just Rain or Snow Atmospheric conditions in literature are not to be taken lightly, Foster expresses. Temperature and precipitation often have concealed purposes, no matter what the temperature or what type of precipitation. Rain is a common element used to alter the atmosphere and mood of a story, and can also be used as a plot device and unite characters that otherwise would have been unaffiliated. However, it can range in meaning from pertaining to Noahs Ark to symbolizing rebirth and restoration to showing that it affects all characters, regardless of their status or personality. Also mentioned are fog, which denotes bewilderment, and snow whose meaning is decided by the writer. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we witnessed a most violent and terrible thunderstormà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oakà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I eagerly inquired of my father the nature and origin of thunder and lightningà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This last stroke completed the overthrow of Cornelius Agrippa, Albertus Magnus, and Paracelsus, who had so long reigned the lords of my imagination. (Shelley, 22-23) In this instance, rain was used as a plot device to indirectly cause the cessation of Frankensteins interest in the philosophers stone and Agrippa, Magnus and Paracelsus, and lead him onto other subjects concluding with the creation of his monster. He had initially been preoccupied with creation of a philosophers stone, but later with this event became convinced to turn his efforts elsewhere. Chapter 11: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦More than its Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence Foster next directs attention to the use of violence in literature. It can translate into a variety of meanings, and many times there is not just one meaning, but several. There are two forms of violence in literature: distinct injuries inflicted on the characters by themselves or other characters, and violence caused by the authors onto often multiple characters simultaneously; such as death and misfortune, used to continue the plot. Unlike violence in everyday life, literary violence always has meaning behind it, no matter how many purposes it serves. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦I had hardly placed my foot within the door, before the children shrieked, and one of the women fainted. The whole village was roused, some fled, some attacked me, until, grievously bruised by stones and many other kinds of missile weapons, I escapedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Shelley 70-71) This event of violence aimed at the monster convinced him that he would never be accepted in a human society due to its tendency to prejudge him based on his appearance, which increased his resentment for Frankenstein for creating him that way. It also meant that he would have to learn human etiquette and language before trying to interact with humans, leading to his endeavor with De Lacy and his family. Chapter 12: Is that a Symbol? Symbols are prevalent in this chapter, as Foster elaborates on how they are to be understood. Foster states that one dilemma to arise regarding symbols is that at times readers will expect them to possess only one meaning, when in fact if this were true they would be known as allegories and not symbols. Also at hand is the tendency for readers to assume that symbols are only introduced as images and tangible items rather than occurrences and activities. It would aid readers to refer to their prior experience with symbols in literature while focusing on the meaning of a symbol. One day, when I was oppressed by cold, I found a fire which had been left by some wandering beggars, and was overcome with delight at the warmth I experienced from it. In my joy I thrust my hand into the live embers, but quickly drew it out again with a cry of pain. How strange, I thought, that the same cause should produce such opposite effects! (Shelley, 69) The fire in this scene is related to the light associated with knowledge and scientific advancement, and symbolizes the ambivalence of scientific progress: it can give comfort when admired from a distance, but when one approaches it too closely it causes pain and destruction. Chapter 13: Its all political First expressed in this chapter are the disadvantages of political writing: how it can at worst be elementary, pompous, and colorless. However, at best it can be thought-provoking and engaging. Traces of political writing can be found in many works, but not all. The cause for this rests in the fact that writers often take heed to the world around them, which includes the political circumstances of their time. I would willingly afford you every aid in your pursuit; but the creature of whom you speak appears to have powers which would put all my exertions to defiance. Who can follow an animal which can traverse the sea of ice, and inhabit caves and dens, where no man would venture to intrude?' (Shelley 139) This quote, spoken by the magistrate in response to Frankenstein, expresses how uncontrollable the monster is and how futile would be the efforts made against it. The monster is a symbol of a political leader in possession of absolute power, and Shelley expresses in the novel the dangers associated with these rulers. Chapter 19: Geography really matters Foster clarifies that writers are obligated to choose where their stories take place. Some fabricate the location, while others elect to use a pre-existing location. This may be essential to the plot, and it not limited to city or town; but rather may include people and other aspects of society. Geography in literature centers more on the relationship that a group has with its physical surroundings, and can advance the plot while also indicating themes and symbols. Foster states that when a character travels south, usually it is so that they can rebel. This rebellion is to communicate with the characters subconscious. My courage and perseverance were invigorated by these scoffing words; I resolved not to fail in my purpose; and, calling on heaven to support me, I continued with unabated fervour to traverse immense deserts, until the ocean appeared at a distance, and formed the utmost boundary of the horizon. (Shelley, 143) At this point in the story, the geography advanced the plot by affecting Frankensteins situation and causing it to become desperate because of the climate and surroundings which did not allow him to comfortably survive, unlike his monster, who was physically fit for the conditions. As they ventured further north, the geography caused Frankenstein to become trapped on a floating, melting block of ice, which caused him to finally encounter Waltons vessel. Chapter 20: So does season Foster calls to attention in this chapter the importance of season. The use of seasons in a work of literature for meaning has been around since the days of mythology, and each season has certain qualities associated with it. Summer is identified with courtship and maturity, winter with senility, death, and bitterness, spring with prime and youth, and autumn with fatigue and harvest. However, this is not set in stone and writers may make alterations to the meanings of seasons. Seasons, and the circumstances that accompany them, may be used to cause emotion to many characters. As I still pursued my journey to the northward, the snows thickened, and the cold increased in a degree almost too severe to supportà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The rivers were covered with ice, and no fish could be procured; and thus I was cut off from my chief article of maintenance. (Shelley 142-143) As Foster says and Shelley proves, winter in literature is a season of hardship and old age, as Frankenstein endures the last season of his life, which weakens him greatly before he finally dies. His monster dies in winter as well, having suffered not physically but emotionally to the point where after Frankensteins death, he has no other purpose left but to die himself. Chapter 21: Marked for Greatness Addressed in this chapter are the physical imperfections that may identify a character. They inform the audience of something that needs to be known about the character, whereas in real life they have no real meaning. To differ the main character from the rest of the characters would always provide multiple opportunities for the writer, and the hero of a story always has something that sets him apart. Distinguishing marks on characters are not important for every work, but since it is more difficult for a writer to include such a character in his story, many times the deformity possesses meaning. Why do you not execrate the rustic who sought to destroy the saviour of his child?I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. Even now my blood boils at the recollection of this injustice.' (Shelley 155) In this quote the monster further reveals his feelings of isolation from humankind and subsequent frustration and misery. If the monster looked as an average human would look, he would have had no desire for revenge against Frankenstein for creating him, and would not have been alienated from society. The monster received his features, height and strength because it would set him apart from everyone else and allow him to commit acts that other humans would not be capable of. Chapter 22: Hes blind for a reason, you know Foster in this chapter calls attention to characters with little or no vision, and the usual reason for their inclusion in literature. Introducing blind characters into a story means that the writer has to decide what the effects of their blindness are, on them and on every other character that they interact with. This usually means that the concept of sight is of prominence in the story, but this can also be true even when blindness is not featured. In what he names the Indiana Jones Principle, Foster expresses that any abnormal quality pertaining to a character must be addressed by the author before that quality becomes relevant. I am blind, and cannot judge of your countenance, but there is something in your words which persuades me that you are sincere. I am poor, and in exile, but it will afford me true pleasure to be in any way serviceable to a human creature. (Shelley, 91) This quotes comes from the conversation that the monster had with De Lacy before being driven from him by Felix, and shows how De Lacy saw the monsters true personality and intentions like no other human being because of his inability to view the monsters physical features. Like other examples mentioned by Foster, this situation is ironic and demonstrates how the blindness of one person gives him the sight that those with functioning eyes did not possess. Chapter 25: Dont Read with your Eyes The importance of having an open perspective while reading is at hand in this chapter, as Foster tells readers to see the reason for certain events in a story. While no one can forego all attachment to their own values and ideals, too much of this can in fact hinder the understanding and enjoyment that are supposed to be received. Openness can be achieved when one takes into account the situations that the author was writing in. I confess to you, my cousin, that I love you, and that in my airy dreams of futurity you have been my constant friend and companion.(Shelley, 130) The knowledge that Frankenstein and Elizabeth are both biologically related and betrothed at this point in time would startle some, as such a union is considered by most to be inappropriate. However, with some knowledge of nineteenth century society one would realize that it was not uncommon then, and that nineteenth century readers would have thought nothing of it.

Satan :: essays research papers

Satan If you take a look at his personality with an open mind, Satan actually has characteristics of a respectable person. One of Satan’s characteristics is his evilness; he is the personification of evil. That isn’t one of his admirable traits, but it’s what makes Satan who he is. When you hear the word, Satan, you immediately think evil. In general, people look at Satan and that is all that runs through their minds. Evilness is the trademark of Satan’s personality. Another of Satan’s features is his intelligence. He usually isn’t noted for this. If you think about it, Satan had to be reasonably smart to plan a crusade against God. He also has the intellect enough to trick people and to transform a person’s personality. That is why when you get involved with Satan you usually end up losing. A person is sometimes respected for his intelligence. Many of the famous people in our past and present are intelligent. Satan is also a leader. He led the war against God in heaven, and he is also the leader of hell. You can tell Satan is a leader when he quotes, “it is better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven';. Leadership is a respected quality. Look at Martin Luther King, Jr. He led a rebellion for black people and today he is respected for that. Bravery is another one of Satan’s “respectable'; mannerisms. Satan had to have been fairly brave to plan a battle against God. Even though he was banned from heaven, he is the leader of hell, and he still plans to get God back for what he did. A brave person is usually always recognized in society. To have pride is a good thing. People or teams that have pride are the ones that succeed. They need to have the type of pride that gives esteem and not ego. Satan had pride mainly in himself and his work. He is proud of all the things that he does. Satan is a very ambitious creature. He doesn’t give up on something once he starts. With God, Satan can’t directly torment him. So he must use God’s creation of people to “win';. Satan doesn’t give up easily. The first thing that he thought when he got to hell was how he could take revenge of God. Satan’s ambition might become more noticeable in the

Anthropologists and Ethics

Anthropologists should as much as possible avoid taking part in the facilitation of peace during armed conflicts, especially where troops—peace keeping or combating ones—are involved. If fact, these researchers should consider postponing work regarding ethnic conflicts because the environment could not be conducive for research and their own safety (Eltringham, 2002).The bitterness between the warring groups can easily make it hard for these researchers to carry-out their work without bias, which could lead to wrong reports that may escalate conflicts further. Besides that, it has to be understood that most of the anthropologists that undertake such projects are not locals; they are foreigners from western countries. Their presence could raise eyebrows in some quarters because some locals could have feelings that some western forces are somehow involved with the conflict.The time frame for researchers’ presence could also lead to rushed studies that are not well prepared. Take the Kenyan conflict for instance. The country’s chaos started after presidential elections were supposedly ridged on December 27, 2007 and has already shown signs of subsiding (BBC, 2008). The first three weeks of January 2008 were the most chaotic in the country’s history. Around 300, 000 people were rendered homeless and close to 2, 000 killed (Baldauf, 2008).Luckily, the warring groups have come together to form a coalition government, an act that has resulted to return to normalcy in most parts of the East Africa’s biggest economy. Now imagine that anthropologists went there in January to work along the Kenyan police force that was involved with quelling uprisings all over the nation. The anthropologists would have started to talk with the youths regarding the cultural history or practices that could have caused the skirmishes.Owing to the fact that the country has 42 ethnic groups (Chanoff, 2008), the venerable anthropologists’ would h ave received 42 different answers. But what if such studies were done in a longer timeframe rather than the two months of chaos? There is only one answer: anthropologists would have, of course, gotten different answers, but would have a chance to cross reference and know the true answers from the wrong ones.The results that could degenerate from researchers’ work could lead to more chaos, because there was no time to get the correct information for their study. Working at the right time frame is therefore necessary for anthropologists to get conclusive studies, because they would have learnt different aspects that would help remove some bias.In Kenya’s case, no single anthropologist could claim to have understood the cultural roots or historical perspectives of the Kenyan 42 tribes in only two months.The short period of time and the working conditions for anthropological analysis that could help understand possible causes and solutions in these conflicts brings out som e ethical concerns that will be detailed in the sections that follows. These ethics are borrowed from the American Anthropological Association (AAA) Code of Ethics (AAA, 2006).

The Perks of Being a Wallflower Novel Analysis

Worksheet: Novel analysis Title: The Perks of Being a Wallflower Author: Stephen Chbosky Genre: Epistolary novel Nationality: American The publication year: 1999 Information about the author: Stephen Chbosky was born January 25th in 1970. He is an American writer and film director, and is best known for The Perks of Being a Wallflower. Stephen was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is of Polish, Slovak, Irish and Scottish descent. Chbosky graduated in 1988 from Upper St. Clair High School. The story: The narrator of the novel is a teenage boy by the alias Charlie.He tells his story through a series of letters he writes to an anonymous â€Å"friend† he heard about at school and thought would be a nice person to write to, based on the fact that he or she reportedly hadn’t slept with someone at a party despite having the opportunity to do so. Charlie explains his fears, problems joys and secrets to this stranger. The story starts by Charlie telling about his anxieties ab out starting High School the next day. He tells about how his life has been after one of his friends committed suicide, and after his favourite aunt, Helen, died. Charlie is a socially awkward boy.He doesn’t really know how to interact with people his age. He is what we call a â€Å"Wallflower†; someone who’s always on the side, observing others, never being in the centre of things. While struggling with insecurities, friendships and his family, a couple of High school seniors, Patrick and Sam, befriend him, and brings him into their little group. His new friends expose him to a new world of sex, drugs, love, patries, death, relationships, friendship, lying, and culpability. Throughout the novel, Charlie is changed from an innocent wallflower whose life was digging his ose in books, to an adventurous person who learns that life should be lived not watched. A sub story to what happens in this book is also that Charlie’s teacher from advanced English class keeps assigning him books to read and then write reports on. He only does this with Charlie. (Being a â€Å"wallflower†: an ability to observe from the sideline and understand things. ) I think the theme of this book is that active participation is better than passive, and that you should live your life and participate and pursue your dreams rather than stand on the sidelines and watch the action. This story also covers topics like adolescence, drug use etc.Some quotes to support my opinion of the theme: â€Å"Do you always think this much Charlie? † â€Å"Is that bad? † â€Å"Not necessarily, It’s just that sometimes people use thought to not participate in life. † â€Å"Is that bad? † â€Å"Yes. † â€Å"Maybe these are my glory days, and I’m not even realizing it because they don’t involve a ball. † I liked this novel a lot because it portrays the confusion of being a teenager, the stigma of being â€Å"weirdâ €  and â€Å"different† than others, how the things that happen to us during childhood have a way of never leaving us and because it tells us that life is to be spent living, not dreaming of it.

Nyasasaurus - Facts and Figures

Nyasasaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Nyasasaurus (Greek for Nyasa lizard); pronounced knee-AH-sah-SORE-us Habitat: Plains of southern Africa Historical Period: Early Triassic (243 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 10 feet long and 100 pounds Diet: Unknown; probably omnivorous Distinguishing Characteristics: Long, lithe build; exceptionally long tail About Nyasasaurus Announced to the world in December of 2012, Nyasasaurus is an exceptional find: a dinosaur that lived in the southern continent of Pangaea during the early Triassic period, about 243 million years ago. Why is this such stunning news? Well, scientists previously believed that the earliest true dinosaurs (such as Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus) arose in middle Triassic South America, at a remove of 10 million years and 1,000 or so miles. Theres still a lot we dont know about Nyasasaurus, but what we do know points to an unmistakably dinosaurian lineage. This reptile measured about 10 feet from head to tail, which may seem enormous by Triassic standards, except for the fact that fully five feet of that length was taken up by its unusually long tail. Like other early dinosaurs, Nyasasaurus clearly evolved from a recent archosaur ancestor, though it may have represented a dead end in dinosaur evolution (the true dinosaurs we all know and love still being descended from the likes of Eoraptor). One thing about Nyasasaurus that remains a mystery is this dinosaurs diet. The earliest dinosaurs preceded the historic split between saurischian and ornithischian varieties (saurischians were either carnivorous or herbivorous, and all ornithischians, as far as we know, were plant-eaters). It seems most likely that Nyasasaurus was omnivorous, and its descendants (if any) evolved in more specialized directions. It may yet turn out that Nyasasaurus is technically classified as an archosaur rather than a true dinosaur. This would not be an unusual development, since theres never a firm line that separates one type of animal from another in evolutionary terms (for example, which genus marks the transition from the most advanced lobe-finned fish to the earliest tetrapods, or the small, feathered, fluttery dinosaurs and the first true birds?)

The Causes of Tsunami essays

The Causes of Tsunami essays As the earth begins to tremble many fear the troubles ahead. Waves are suddenly being formed and the people of the west coast are immediately alerted. What could this be? This is a tsunami, an earthquake that is formed underwater. The sea floor abruptly deforms and displaces the overlying water from its equilibrium position. Waves are formed when the displaced water mass, acting under the influence of gravity, attempts to regain its equilibrium. The main factor that determines the initial size of a tsunami is the amount of vertical sea floor deformation. A tsunami can also be generating from submarine landslides. During a submarine landslide, the equilibrium sea level is altered by sediment moving along the sea floor. The aftermath of this horrendous storm is shocking. The causes of tsunamis derive from earthquakes, landslides, or volcanic eruptions, which can cause a high death and/or injury rate. A tsunami that is caused by an undersea earthquake is also called a seismic sea wave. Scientists can calculate where and when a given undersea earthquake occurred and predict when the resulting seismic sea wave will reach shore. The scientists base their calculations on data provided by instruments called seismographs. These instruments detect vibrations called seismic waves that the earthquake sends through the rock beneath the ground (Phillip). An earthquake on land differs greatly than one underwater. The fact that there is water involved makes the situation even more tedious to handle. To detect an earthquake underwater is sometime impossible, the wave may come without any warning the wave may cause more death and damage than ground shaking. In addition to earthquakes similar ground shaker plays a key part in the causes of tsunamis. Landslides are a descent of mass of earth and rock down a mountain slope. Landslides may occur when water from rain and melting snow sinks through the earth on top of a slope...

A Case for Technical Grammar Skills

A Case for Technical Grammar Skills A Case for Technical Grammar Skills A Case for Technical Grammar Skills By Mark Nichol While I was studying English in college (I later opted for a more practical course of study, and graduated with a degree in theater arts), one of the classes I took dealt with grammar. The professor’s pedagogical approach? Pass out mimeographed copies of his manuscript for a grammar textbook do you care to carbon-date the year I took this class? and spend most of each session plodding through a few pages, asking students to identify the part of speech of each word not in occasional exercises, because there weren’t any, but in the instructional text itself. This was a monumentally boring exercise for me (I never polled classmates about their opinion), and the rote teaching strategy was somewhat surprising, too, because the instructor was an engaging fellow who was also a leading actor with a prominent regional theater company. On reflection, though, it might seem the ideal approach to someone accustomed to painstakingly memorizing lines in preparation for essaying a role. (For me, who later spent considerable time doing the same, it had a perverse logic to it.) It didn’t work for me, though. I passed the class, but with only a tenuous grasp of grammar, and years later, well along in my editorial career, I was still shaky on the difference between adjectives and adverbs. Does that really matter? Is a command of parts of speech essential for writers and editors? Yes, and no. Some DailyWritingTips.com visitors praise me for writing posts about grammar. Others castigate me for boring them with the same entries. By the same token, my professor’s thespian approach to learning must have seemed ideal to some of my classmates, even as I sat there glumly disengaged, getting some parts of speech right but, as I recall, missing more than I hit. So, even though I have relied throughout my career on a more holistic approach to shaping or reshaping my prose and that of others, trusting my instincts to know whether something reads well or requires (or is at least improved by) revision, I have also acquired a great deal of technical knowledge about grammar, and have benefited from this store of lore. Another issue in the variety of responses to my posts about technical matters is that some site visitors are more experienced than others; a recent critic identified himself as a former instructor of college-level English. But for every retired academician, many readers are budding writers, would-be editors, and those for whom English is not their first language. With this disparity in mind, I try to not only cover a wide variety of topics (grammar, usage, style, technique, careers, etc.) but also discuss subjects with varying degrees of complexity. In other words, I try to please some of the people some of the time, which I think is the best I can do. And the tip for the day? Even though I do not remember my grammar class fondly, I do think it had a latent effect on my desire to understand the mechanics of language, which I had never considered before (except in isolation, when completing a worksheet in a precollegiate English class). So, even if you think of yourself as a holistic learner, rather than a technically inclined one, know your grammar vocabulary (like the difference between a dangling modifier and a misplaced modifier), and endeavor to visualize sentences as machines whose components can usually be arranged in more than way but are often discovered, in one’s writing or reading experiences, broken and awaiting repair (or doomed, on the printed page, to a perpetual state of disarray). Rely on your Zen approach to crafting or reshaping prose if it works for you, but know your tools as well. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What is the Difference Between "These" and "Those"?Cannot or Can Not?Sit vs. Set

Impact of legislations in regulating the working Time Essay

Impact of legislations in regulating the working Time - Essay Example In 1817, Robert owen's* Eight hour day movement**, which had its origin in the industrial revolution in Britain, gradually came up and finally led to the first law on the length of a working day, passed in 1833, in England limiting miners to 12 hours and children to 8 hours. The 10 hour day established in1848 and shorter hours with same pay were gradually accepted thereafter. The 1802 Factories Act was the first labor law in the UK. Working time regulations were introduced in order to implement the European commission Time Directive which lays down minimum condition relating to weekly working time, rest entitlements and annual leave and make special provision for working hours and health assessments in relation to night workers and young workers. Working time regulation were laid before the House on 30th July 1998 and came to force on 1st October 1998.There are three legislations regarding the working time regulations enacted including the parent Act. They are, In 1998 Act workers in air, rail, sea, inland water way and lake transport, sea fishing, and other workers at sea are excluded. Armed forces, Police and other civil protection services also excluded from the purview of this Act. The Regulation 3 of working time regulations Act 1999 amended the existing provision which governs the 48 hour average maximum weekly working limit and the exclusion of that limit by agreement. It removes the obligation on employers to keep record of the hours worked by the employees who are entered into an agreement to opt out of the weekly limit. The regulation 4 of the 1999 Act extended the existing "unmeasured working time "extension (as defined in the 1998 Act) to workers whose time is partly "unearned and partly not.* Now let me to explore in detail the provisions of the working time regulations in the light of 2003 amendment Act .This prevails all over in the United Kingdom industries at present. I'll also discuss the changes in the legislations regarding the above said Acts after the amendment in 2003 and the relevant case laws which plays an important role in making up the body of Working time regulations .Moreover I shall try to explain the impact of the provision of this Act in regulating the time for employees and remedies seek for the doubts raised in the various clauses. Working time regula

International trade between Kuwait and the World Essay

International trade between Kuwait and the World - Essay Example Petroleum production accounts for almost 95% of export revenues and provides 80% of government’s income (Moore 179). The rising oil prices around the world have significantly influenced Kuwait’s economic growth. Its government has been keen on reducing the overreliance of oil through the transformation into a regional trading and enhancing Kuwait as a tourism hub (Dianne, Peter, and Nasser 1-15) Kuwait is very active on food imports, vehicles and also construction materials and services. Despite Kuwait’s relatively small population, itis firmly placing itself among the world’s most popular and attractive markets for many leading international franchises. The major motivating factor to these franchises lies on the young, strong shopping and consumer culture and the affluent population that has a great affinity for international brands. It is a suitable destination for retailers around the world seeking to extend their footprint. Kuwait’s law restricts foreign firms from opening branches solely in the country, but retailers can enter in the market through joint ventures and partnership with the locally incorporated companies (Moore 128). Before venturing into any market, it is always advisable to explore several factors such as the culture of the people, economic overview, geographical factors, religion, living standards, and the people’s responsiveness to international businesses. Habitants of the Gulf region are not anyhow strangers to conflicts and contradictions. Many are the idiosyncrasies that have shaped the region in both the ancient and the modern times. In the country, there have been contacts with the western countries and most their corporations and these have resulted to a commendable improvement to the region (Dianne 6). It has been through encouragement for better education, increased communication, greater mobility and an improved healthcare. Though cultural conflicts are now minimal, in the past

Control labor costs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Control labor costs - Essay Example The company has to satisfy both the customer and the laborer in order to run a profit oriented business in a highly competitive world. Laws and legislations governing the workforce have evolved over the passing decades. Labor issues have always been sources of conflict and they are highly problematic. The employer has to study and develop techniques to control labor costs; he must create solutions which can be implemented and enforced in his company, with a view to garner maximum profits. One of the major reasons for spiraling labor costs is the unauthorized and unscheduled absenteeism of the workforce. The attendance and the time spent by the workforce must be monitored and the wages must be calculated on the basis of the percentage of the hours worked. This kind of labor monitoring can definitely lead to increasing efficiency. But such a timekeeping system must be devised which does not in anyway question the employee's integrity, but at the same time enables the employer to track the workforce. Labor costs can be kept under control by improving the productivity and efficiency of the employees. This can be done by imparting good training to the workforce and through the use of cost and time saving equipment. The government plays a major role in decisions regarding the compensation rendered to the employees. It is the duty and the responsibility of the government to ensure that the laborers are not subjected to any kind of wage or gender discrimination. The government must prevent exploitation of the workforce, especially child labor. The unemployed and disadvantaged who are on the dole need both minimum wages and insurance cover, which is provided by the government. The federal and state governments have laws concerning minimum wages for even jobs with low productivity. Standards have been set by the federal government regarding the compensation of employees. They are: Davis Bacon Act (1931), Copeland Act (1934), Walsh-Healey Act (1936), Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)(1938), Equal Pay Act (1963), Title VII of Civil Rights Act(1964), Service Contract Act (1965), Age Discrimination Act (1967) and Wage Garnishment Law (1968). This is an age of increasing mobility. Multi-national companies employ global nationals, expatriates, local nationals, and third-country nationals. Employees move around the world; therefore it is a highly complicated task to devise compensation packages for employees working in disparate situations. There are different types of employees in multi-national corporation - third country nationals, expatriates and local nationals. Third country nationals are those who belong to another culture or nation having similarities with their place of work. Expatriates are those living outside their country of citizenship. Local nationals are those who are employed in the nation of their origin. Employers, by and large, have adopted different paths toward controlling labor costs. Most of the employers have discovered that investment in labor management can reap the reward of greater efficiency. This in turn, would give rise to happier employees. Efficient labor management techniques can control spiraling labor costs. Data collection for creating the payroll of employees and the automation of the payroll system reduces labor cost to a great extent. A survey conducted by Clark Consulting in 2004 found that institutional investor limits and uncertainty about the future accounting treatment for stock-based compensation

Introduction to Modern Art and Visual Culture Essay

Introduction to Modern Art and Visual Culture - Essay Example The essay "Introduction to Modern Art and Visual Culture" analyzes modern art and visual culture. There was need for creation of accurate pictures of ancient times. Contemporary human conditions took center stage focus with an accompaniment of an empirical mindset on the rise of conflicting ideas regarding the traditional role and hierarchies in society and nature. The nineteenth century art paved way for modern perspectives into the field of visual art. The French art embeds the redress of long-term imbalance in artistic developments. There were trials by artists to maintain reality from different perspectives. Many are the occasions when misinterpretations took a toll on artworks whenever the public or critics never augured well with any work. The Gross was largely considered as public propaganda making it hard to see through the artists’ eye. The French military was plague stricken and affected by rumors, body politics, and colonial aggression and poisoning. Critics found t he painting to be more of a focus on masculinity. According to Grigsby, there was need for new courage in facing the military regalia. The argument maintains that the Gros covered up irrationality in the French army and citizens. The uniformed officer represents positive response to domestic disintegration and civil war and not by any chance an endorsed propaganda on the state. Drawings made a leeway into the era of visual arts. Artists like Millet took this with passion portraying what the world was in the ancient times. In this artistic practice, Millet took drawing as a platform step to completion of his paintings. There is rural imagery n the painting showing the plight of farmers. The painting brings out the controversy of poverty and countryside depopulation with a need for social change. The painting makes a creation of rural vocabulary in epic naturalization. The drawing gives a picture of what the painter must have been surrounded with at the time of his works. The peasants of the time must have hung on existence. The plougher having hunched shoulders faces constrain from the landscape with the plougher firmly set on the ground. This painting seems to remind the viewer of the earthbound nature of humans in an endlessness of labor focusing on harvesting. Criticisms that face the 19th century arts do not leave Manet’s Olympia. There have been hoards of negative criticism from both Parisian public and critics.(Kahn, 67) The painting of Olympia was from the point of View of Manet. The time s must have influenced his point of view and produced the results that face so much criticism of his artistic display. It only seemingly became an oversight through the nudity of the painted woman, which the 1865 generation was not ready to receive. The controversy came about with Olympia perceived as a portrayal of prostitution by the Parisian public. It was a fear of the changes that could face the society and the arousal of a political air on the magnitude of permissiveness of changes in rules. Creativity at the time faced so much influence from public opinion and critics. The society was tied to old traditions and beliefs and was not so receptive to art works displaying the realities of the times in which they were living. The nudity of Olympia though intended to raise the presentation of Venus to a higher-level faced criticism at the blunt exposure, which it gave to female nudity.the nudity of Olympia, scandalized the wretch in the society. It brought out the reality of prostit ution that was present in the Parisian society

In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local Essay

In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local level, critically evaluate the role of food industry self regulation in the future - Essay Example The political parties are actively taking part to propose changes in the UK’s Food Safety Enforcement to protect the consumers and to ensure the compliance of the companies to the effective enforcement system (Jukes, 1993). Although a number of key reforms were made in UK’s food safety regulatory structure in 2002 however, most of these reforms dealt with the changes in the central government arrangement for hygienic and safe food rather than local enforcement. In this report, the self regulation of food industry in the context of its role in future has been discussed. The degree to which an organisation is responsible to manage risks depends on the nature of business. However, in a food industry, the responsibility of the organisation increases because the user of the product manufactured by the food company is at risk. Therefore, the self regulation of food industry is highly encouraged nowadays as compared to other industries. Industry self-regulation is a process that involves an industry – level organisation setting rules and standards with regard to the conduct of firms within the respective industry, (Gunningham and Rees, 1997). In other words, the industry associations or the companies should come up with the policies and minimum standards to avoid risk. In 2002, when the reforms in food safety enforcement of UK were made, the local enforcement remained untouched because it was being considered that state was responsible to ensure the minimum standards and the role of the individual businesses was overlooked. However, nowadays, it is being considered as the responsibility of both the state and the individual companies to determine how the risk can be managed and because of this reason the self regulation of UK food industry has increased. In short, government regulation and self-regulation are not mutually exclusive but rather a part of a continuum or put differently, complementary

Cheap airline services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Cheap airline services - Essay Example Cheap airline services generally imply long haul carriers that offer cheaper terms of travel as compared to the average conventional flights. The basic approach has often involved the elimination of certain luxuries, comforts, and services normally associated with luxury airlines. Other approaches involve the introduction of complex methods of determining the cost of travel (Bisignani, 2006, p 45). Some of the problematic issues that attend to the introduction of the cheap airline services involve claims of hidden charges, concerns over the levels of safety and matters of comfort for these airline services. Further, in the liberalized market economy, a flight that is regarded as budget within one region may qualify as expensive in another. This is because there are no structural universal regulatory mechanisms in the global airline business, which could be relied upon for an objective and all-inclusive interpretation of the essential meaning of cheap airline services. Introduction The desire to make airline services affordable and accessible continues to attract various approaches and strategies among different companies spread in different countries across different periods. Studies show that the emergent of the low cost carriers from the mid-1990s led to significant changes in the airline industry particularly within the United States and Europe (Chandler, 2002, p. 4). The idea of cheap airline services often implies a wide range of meanings within different contexts. Although the general idea of offering cheap airline services has some universal connotations, the various strategies employed towards this objective illustrate a highly localized application of the same in terms of the strategies, methods., and the relative levels of success for companies that have attempted to engage in this kind of business (McCartney, 11). Some of the common characteristics of cheap airline services include reduced fare, point-to-point airline services, lack of seat assignme nt, secondary airports flights, lack of free meals or drinks, higher flights frequency, and short flights. These characteristics are usually conducted in various ways depending on the airline’s chosen operational strategy. The terms â€Å"cheap airline services† is often used interchangeably with various other terms that carry the same meaning. Other attendant synonyms include low-cost carriers, budget carriers, no-frills, cheap flights, and discount flights (Flouris & Walker, 2005). Regardless of the different adjectives, the baseline often implies the provision of airline services that cost significantly lower than the average carrier. Generally, cheap airline services are usually conducted in ways that show high levels of efficiency in terms of time and costs. The increased levels of efficiency are important to substitute on some of the areas affected by reduced fares. On this score, it becomes necessary to consider the fact that some of the issues explored in this study are basically aimed at exploring the kind of structures that underpin matters of strategy and revenue with regard to the low cost carriers. Literature Review Multiple studies have attempted to explore the manner in which the low-cost carriers have affected the global airline industry. Academic inquiries have attempted to explore the different kinds of strategies employed by companies that entered the budget airline sector. Studies show that various strategies have been followed by a mixture of results by different countries and across different times (Mentzer, 2000, p. 34). Generally, the literature shows that

In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local Essay

In light of initiatives to promote improved regulation at a local level, critically evaluate the role of food industry self regulation in the future - Essay Example The political parties are actively taking part to propose changes in the UK’s Food Safety Enforcement to protect the consumers and to ensure the compliance of the companies to the effective enforcement system (Jukes, 1993). Although a number of key reforms were made in UK’s food safety regulatory structure in 2002 however, most of these reforms dealt with the changes in the central government arrangement for hygienic and safe food rather than local enforcement. In this report, the self regulation of food industry in the context of its role in future has been discussed. The degree to which an organisation is responsible to manage risks depends on the nature of business. However, in a food industry, the responsibility of the organisation increases because the user of the product manufactured by the food company is at risk. Therefore, the self regulation of food industry is highly encouraged nowadays as compared to other industries. Industry self-regulation is a process that involves an industry – level organisation setting rules and standards with regard to the conduct of firms within the respective industry, (Gunningham and Rees, 1997). In other words, the industry associations or the companies should come up with the policies and minimum standards to avoid risk. In 2002, when the reforms in food safety enforcement of UK were made, the local enforcement remained untouched because it was being considered that state was responsible to ensure the minimum standards and the role of the individual businesses was overlooked. However, nowadays, it is being considered as the responsibility of both the state and the individual companies to determine how the risk can be managed and because of this reason the self regulation of UK food industry has increased. In short, government regulation and self-regulation are not mutually exclusive but rather a part of a continuum or put differently, complementary

Electronic Usage Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Electronic Usage Policy - Research Paper Example Recent researches have shown an increase in the number of, individuals, especially in their workplaces, who access the internet everyday all over the world and these individuals have access to many databases, which may sometimes hold explicit, violent, prohibited and at times illegal content. This has created a situation where these individuals use the electronic resources of the organizations for which they work to access information that is not work related and this has been a source of concern for the managements of these organizations. In order to curb these tendencies by those who use their electronic media, especially the internet, many companies and organizations have chosen to adopt electronic usage policies whose purpose is to ensure that there is responsible use of this resource. Furthermore, these policies have been put in place to ensure that electronic resources are not used for purposes, which are not compatible with the objectives of the organizations in which they are used. ... However, despite the fact that many businesses and institutions have made the internet accessible to their employees for the purpose of ensuring that they conduct their activities with ease, it has been realized that its usage has become subject to abuse by those who use it. In this paper therefore, we shall look at some of the reasons why the use of the internet should be regulated through the introduction of electronic usage policies by various institutions. Literature Review Recent surveys that have been conducted by human resource managers on employees have found that approximately sixty five percent of employees spend at least some of their work time on non- work related internet activity. Among the employees who use social networks sites, it has been found that fifty six percent of them check their profiles during their normal workdays and that fifteen percent of this group spends at least one hour a day browsing the internet on non-work related sites. It was further found that over sixty one percent of employees sent personal emails, with nineteen percent sending more than five personal emails per day. The response of many institutions and organizations to non-work related internet activity has been to establish tougher  policies  regarding internet  usage  and  electronic  means to ensure that their employees are monitored (Ambrose & Noel, 2006). It has been found that the most dominant method of controlling the internet behavior of individuals, is through the blocking of sites, the monitoring of internet usage  and email, and finally, firing employees for  violating the electronic usage policies of their companies. The developments in employee potential misuse of electronic technology, and the

Access Control and Different Types of Access Control

Access Control and Different Types of Access Control 2.3 what is an access document of a local area network (LAN)? Lets have a look on record   which are equivalent to a client control in the archive it will tell us who has the confirmation and approval to enter into any server , or we can explain in as simple as smple wording to the one approved individual know the client name and secret key . take an example   in an office assembling just the approved supervisor will have entry to open the official and those which cannot be shared by others information. We can also use access control and different types of access control are :- Accountability Authorization Authentication Accountability: Information and logs are taken into account which use such components so that these systems can be identified. These components wouldnt be viewing regularly they cannot be maintained in a sufficient way. Authorization: Those operation which are happening in a system can be identify by the authorization policy. Lots of latest operating system can applied authorization policies as a group of allotment which are varied different types of access. Authentication: In this control we identify the users identification so that we can identify that the person who is accessing the system is authorised person. 2.4 explain the procedure to shut down the server in a   local area network (LAN) ? Lots of working circumstances which depend on upon PCs to put everything in order keep them joined with an area framework for security reasons and straightforward record advertising. For fast organization , different affiliation asset are accessible on the Internet, one of them being automatic Shutdown. This is very light application arranged for managing a PCs essentialness alternatives from a parts.. To do this task first of all we have to install this software, after that the icon on desktop is created . If you want to shut down the server then we have to select the option shutdown, in the application log we can get the time and message as well. We can add two or more computers, if you want to do settings you can log off the individual computers. if you want to shut down the system and turn off the power. The system must support the power off feature. The principle two capacities let you either kill or restart a PC of your decision. Whats more, you can choose more PCs from the rundown and decide to execute that for every one of them without a moments delay. Furthermore, in the event that you right tap on a thing from the rundown, an amazing measure of alternatives get to be accessible. We can also create a new group in remote shutdown , in this first   we have to click on add computers then name the new group and click on OK button.Contingent upon how you need to utilize the application you can exploit a wizard to populate your rundown with PCs associated with the same system. As a matter of course the rundown is discharge so you can completely redo as per needs. You can likewise include PCs physically either by name or IP address, with the likelihood to choose from the ones accessible through LAN. In the remote shutdown we can also use privacy, after creating new group we have to go to credentials and click on the following user and we can set a new user name and password   . the benefit of this is that whenever we will turn on our server it will show that icon. Reference for software :- http://www.softpedia.com/get/Network-Tools/Misc-Networking-Tools/LanShutDown.shtml 2. PC auto shutdown PC Auto Shutdown helps you naturally shutdown, power off, reboot, sleep, suspend or log off PCs at calendar time you determines. It can close down PCs at calendar time when no client is signed on or when PCs are in suspended force protection mode. It issues you distinctive approaches to timetable the shutdown occasion for your needs, for example, every day, week by week and just once. Amid the shutdown, it can clean up Recycle Bin, makeshift records, IE reserve, IE treats, IE history, IE auto-complete passages and late report rundown to enhance framework execution and secure your protection. In the pc auto shutdown we have different options like general, hotkeys , timer, sound , clean up , log and about . in this we can configure the countdown duration time before a shutdown event is activated and we have to chose the different options . If we are not registered we can registered it and if we select the option we can click OK button. In the timer option we have title , status, shutdown event, activation time , frequency , we can fill up these things and we can add it and edit it as well. In the clean up option we can clear different directories like recycle bin , clear temporary files of windows , clear temporary files of internet explorer , clear cookies of internet explorer , clear address bar history of internet explorer , clear recent documents lists etc. We can also setup password for the privacy whenever we will open our server we have to fill up that password. If we want that option we have to click on enable password protection and click OK button. In the log we can log all the shutdown events for tracking purpose . and also view log file and empty log files. Reference for software :- http://download.cnet.com/PC-Auto-Shutdown/3000-2344_4-10399335.html 3. D shutdown :- DShutdown is a helpful stand-alone application intended to empower you to effortlessly set a period for your workstation to close down. DShutdown bolsters, past established shutdown alternatives, additionally a progression of specific choices relating unadulterated shutdown (as the power after hold up alternative, that causes a constrained, however clear, shutdown), and relating screen capacities (as the choice to shutdown a PC when an application end, helpful toward the end of pressure of a few records. In the D shut down we have different options and types to shutdown like log off , shutdown , power off, reboot and stand by , we can   also disable LAN adaptor we can wake up , write log file , we can alsoset alarm clock . we can also do sound advise in D shutdown . There are different general options in d shutdown like auto start , set default , sound on start , save settings on exit , different ports client server. We can also set timer in D shutdown   and after that we can enable timer. To shutdown we have to select the shutdown option   and after that we hav to select total CPU and we can also set timer . Reference for software :- http://www.softpedia.com/dyn-postdownload.php/b1758a3606787c71dd5840b71b6b8224/55498a82/8435/0/1

Comparing Rich Citizens of New York in the 1920s: Attitudes on Philanthropy :: American America History

Comparing Rich Citizens of New York in the 1920's: Attitudes on Philanthropy How did the rich of Hudson Valley and Harlem New York differ in behavior patterns and personal attitudes towards home ownership during 1920 to 1925? Even with the distinction of race between Hudson valley rich and Harlem rich are the two groups in anyway similar? The rich of Hudson Valley did not feel the need nor the obligation to be philanthropical towards their under class counterparts. They were desensitized towards the needs of the poor and unfortunates of society. The Harlem rich however, felt a moral and spiritual obligation to help those less fortunate then themselves to become more prosperous so that they could aspire to the joys of home ownership. Only if they felt the individuals were worthy of their help. What were the Hudson Valley rich like? They were made up of two classes of people the Robber Barons and the Mayflower rich. In "The Rich and The Super - Rich" Ferdinand Lundberg writes that the Robber Barons gained their wealth thought crime. He writes "Crime: The Highroad to Wealth. Either sound instinct or certain knowledge led Kefauver, Kennedy, Vanderbilt and J.P. Morgan to link notorious under world figures with the business world. For crime is a historically established highroad to American fortune building. If earlier men came into the upper propertied class by means of violent crime, it would seem that later criminal practitioners might be heading toward the same dubious salvation. So assiduously and unscrupulously did the earlier fortune-builders work that one might suppose they believed that in attaining wealth they were attaining eternal life." The Mayflower rich considered themselves the true Americans since their families history could be traced all the way back the firs t Dutch settlers who settled in the Hudson Valley area. They did not accept the Robber Barons with open arms until their fortunes over powered the Mayflower rich in comparison. F. Scott Fitzgerald once wrote "Let me tell you about the very rich. They are different from you and me. They possess and enjoy early, and it does something to them, makes them soft where we are hard, and cynical where we are trustful, in a way that, unless you were born rich, it is difficult to understand. They think, deep in their hearts, that they are better than we are because we had to discover the compensations and refuges of life for ourselves.

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs :: Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs Essays

Characteristics of Magical Realism in If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs      Ã‚  Ã‚   "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs" is a short story written by Colin McNaughton. "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" was published in 1981. It is classified under the fantastic sublime. However, based on the analysis of "If Dinosaurs were Cats And Dogs" one would believe that magical realism is a genre of the sublime.    While reading "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", one comes upon the illustrations in the book. Through out all of the illustrations, the people are on a smaller scale then the animals. Scale is a sign of a sublime work. It creates a mood of nature being more important than humans or anything else for that matter. Scale, when used in sublime works, sets a universal or macroscopic tone.    I would confidently maintain that nothing contributes so decisively to the grand style as a noble emotion in the right setting, when it forces its way to the surface in a gust of frenzy, and breathes a kind of divine inspiration into the speaker's words (Longinus 109). Longinus is explaining how a moment in a story line becomes clear to the reader out of a turbulent setting. It is considered by Longinus to be a perfect specimen of the sublime. In the short story "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs", many examples of the emotion force their way to the surface in an uncontrollable frenzy. A good example from "If Dinosaurs Were Cats And Dogs' would be this excerpt: " This snake is over ten miles long, which makes it very hard to steer. When people shout, "Look out! Look Out! Its head's too far away to hear"(McNaughton 21). In the excerpt from the story, when it is explained that even though people are shouting for the snake to watch where it is going, the snake can't hear because the it's head is ten miles away. This is a brilliant examples of sublime literature.    Although "If Dinosaurs Were Cats and Dogs" is classified as fantastic sublime, the story has many examples of magical realism within its pages. The way in which the animals in the story are humungous is one of the many examples of magical realism. A parrot that is twenty-nine feet tall is extraordinary. Even more extraordinary is a snake that is ten miles long.

Planning and Enabling Learning Essay

This rationale focuses on the four areas of ‘Negotiating with Learners’, ‘Inclusive Learning’, ‘Integrating Functional Skills’ and ‘Communication’. During my research I will draw upon a range of sources which include the internet, books, organisation media (leaflets) and lessons learned. Teaching processes should be cooperative between the student and tutor. To this end tutors should plan strategies like initial assessments, agreeing on learning goals and possible actions to be taken by in order to empower learners to achieve these goals. Petty, G (2009, p530) states: â€Å"Each learner is unique and has individual needs. If the needs of our learners are discovered, the chances of success are greatly increased.† thus as a starting point initial assessments should be carried out prior to commencing a programme of education. Different learners have different learning needs and tutors must know their learners well to judge these requirements. This could be undertaken via a range of questions during the enrolment process, forms or/and questionnaires. Information obtained should be kept confidential so learners feel free to disclose as much information about themselves and their learning needs as possible. Agreeing goals and actions should be accomplished between learners and tutors. The effect being the learner will also feel that his/her views and opinions are being heard and taken into consideration. The advantages to the tutor being that the learner understands their responsibility to advance their own education and tasks/objectives/deadlines required to do so. The tutor should monitor the process to make sure learners reach their learning targets along the way and amend goals by agreement setting new actions when objectives are not reached.

Ethical Actions Worksheet Essay

†¢ Was there anything in either the University Of Phoenix Student Code Of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic Integrity that surprised you? If so, what was it? Why were you surprised? If not, why not? There was nothing surprising about the University Of Phoenix Code Of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic integrity. I am familiar with having codes of conduct and codes of integrity. These same principles are used on the job. They let us know what is adequate and what is not acceptable. Codes help remind us that truth and integrity help to contribute to a non hostile environment, control dishonest actions or infringe on the rights of others. The University Of Phoenix Student Code Of Conduct and the Student Code of Academic Integrity assist in creating a safe and positive work all students. †¢ What did you learn about the behaviors considered important for an ethical learner or student in the University of Phoenix learning community? I have learned that being an ethical learner requires honesty. We should behave in a proper manner and make the correct choices when doing our work. Cheating and dishonesty should never be accepted even if you are falling behind with your school assignments. I have also that when you cheat you are only cheating yourself out of the full learning experiences that you are paying for and that it can form bad habits that can hurt you later on in life. †¢ Why are the Student Code of Conduct and Student Code of Academic Integrity important to you and the University of Phoenix learning community? The Student Code of Academic Integrity is important in the learning environment because it gives a set of guidelines for any educational institution. Academic goals cannot be met without following the standards set by the Student Code of Conduct or the Student Code of Academic Integrity. Acts of dishonesty not only undermine the learning process it also disadvantages students who earn credit honestly. It is important that members of the community share a common interest in maintaining the integrity the student code on campus.

Funeral Oration of Pericles Essay

In the reading of the Funeral Oration of Pericles, I do not believe what Pericles says about Athens. I believe he made his speech to boost morale for his people and for the soldiers, and to keep the war going. In the Funeral Oration of Pericles, they were there to honor the fallen soldiers and to have a burial for them, but Pericles made it about the war. He used it to boost morale for the soldiers, to get them excited and to give them a reason to keep fighting, he also used it to give a reason behind the war to the citizens. It was a political move on its own. These tactics are still used in the world today, such as the war in Iraq and Afghanistan and as far back as the Gettysburg Address. Pericles believed that personal glory was one of the rare things you could have, and fighting in the war and giving your life for your city was one of the highest glories you could bestow, so therefore he glorified the war not the people that lost their lives fighting in it. Pericles was trying to persuade the people that the war was worth people losing their lives over and that there was a meaning and cause for it. The funeral oration can be seen in the world today with the war in Iraq, where the President gives the speeches about why we are fighting in a war, the reasons and the cause, which is really not known today, such as weapons of mass destruction, it was said that Iraq possessed these and come to find out they had none, so many people lost their lives for what reason? There was hype, and glorification given to the men and women that fought, to boost their morale and for them to know they were doing something that helped the country. The President tried to persuade the citizens with his speeches that it was just and there was a reason for the war. In conclusion, the question asked was do I believe everything Pericles says about Athens in the Funeral Oration. The answer to that would be no. I do not believe that Pericles was there to honor the fallen soldiers. I belie ve he was there to persuade the citizens and the soldiers that what they were doing was right and was just and if they continued then they would be glorified.

Global Trends Impact in China Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Trends Impact in China - Essay Example Even though, the immense popularity gained by the ‘China Bashing’ in the global media, there is very little existing analytical work on the overall economic impact of China. The size of China is a key issue which is very debatable. The economic size is an ambitious thing to quantify. â€Å"It is well known that market exchange rates do not properly weight differences in living costs, may fluctuate by large amounts, and may be subject to manipulation by governments† (Robertson, 2) The GDP of China according to the exchange rates is half the size of the United States. Therefore, if looking closely, China has awfully large range of 50% to 125% of the GDP of the United States. â€Å"China is projected to be the largest economic power with almost a fifth of world gross domestic product (GDP), and India will continue to rise. The two Asian giants will have by far the biggest middle classes in the world (23 and 18 per cent of global middle class consumption in 2030, respectively).† (Global trends and Chinas future|Comment|chinadaily.com.cn) Due to the introduction of the economic reforms, there had been a boost and the economy of China gradually grew faster than the pre reform period. From 1953 to 1978, real annual GDP was estimated at 6.7% according to the Chinese government. Economist Agnus Maddison estimated China’s average annual real GDP during this period at 4.4%. However during the leadership of Mao Zedong (Chairman), the China economy faced economic downfalls. China was able to double the size of its economy since 1979 as its average real GDP increased to 10%. â€Å"The global economic slowdown, which began in 2008, impacted the Chinese economy. China’s real GDP growth fell from 14.2% in 2007 to 9.6% in 2008, and slowed to 9.2% in 2009. In response, the Chinese government implemented a large economic stimulus package and an expansive monetary policy.† (Morrison, 3) Due to these actions and measures taken, the domestic saving and consumption boosted and

DQ-4-Terence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DQ-4-Terence - Essay Example The new information threatens the regulatory requirements as they provide conflicting information. Concerns though have risen to whether the different uses of internet guidelines are beneficial to the organization and whether the new patterns should align or contradicts the general communication patterns from the body. Investigations into this inquiry are therefore the paramount objective of the paper, articulated through discussions and evidence from the scholarly articles by different researchers. Organizational structure determines the operational policy and the work process of any company that the business employs. Actions as the managerial reporting, movement of knowledge, decision-making process and dissemination of information are the essential components ensured by the organizational structures (Im, Hong & Kang, 2011). The structures whether they move within the organization and between the groups levels has no inherent of being better than the other. Rather, the structures have their sole benefit to the organization that suits them well in a particular situation (Wixom & Watson, 2012). Information flow in the major organizations has been structured on a departmental level and organizational level. The corporate level can be referred to as the flow of ideas within the organization that is inherent from the other organizations branches. The department heads use their own internet rather than sharing a broader network in the whole group. The organizational level uses a different internet in communication to other regions. Many individual will argue that it’s due to the independent nature employed by the organization to ensure each unit performs to its best. Whether the idea of separating internet usage within and between the groups’ levels remains a question for debate? Operating with the same policies and work procedures means the organization has similar goals and objectives to accomplish and why separate their internet

Strategies for Google Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategies for Google - Essay Example Yahoo needs to be more innovative, flexible and fast to capture in order to reatin its position in the market. Google launches products early, well before competitors go to market with the same ideas. This is the Google’s positive and aggressive approach towards market capitalization and also focusing on to explore the needs of the users before the user thinks towards it. Google has made more than 50 acquisitions since 2001 and it is quite evident that the Google knock out all its rivals in order to take the competitive advantage and opts the aggressive business strategy towards boosting its revenue. Google came up with the different idea in online advertising and google suppose to be the pioneer after the introduction of Ad Words and Ad Sense, and thus created a sensation in the field of online advertising (Baril, 2009). The innovation is the key of success.The Google’s smart innovative and smart strategies since its inception wondered Yahoo. From the perspective of searching information and answering queries, Google offers a lot to its valubale users.Recently, Google shaking hands with worlds top most universities like Harvard, Oxford and some others to digitize their libraries (Honey , 2009). The difference exists between Google and Yahoo with respect to the revenue. Yahoo generates its revenue from Yahoo mail, ads, and some other features where as Google gets almost 85% of its revenue from ads.The reason behind is the Google’s technological innovations which is the user-friendly and gains the popularity world over (Honey , 2009). Google launched SDC (Secure Data Connector) in the year 2009 its feature is to access the users to secure corporate data, even working with Google application outside the firewall. In addition, SDC also allows that secure data to be accessed from inside Google Gadgets, Google App Engine, and Google Spreadsheets (Kolakowski, 2009). In the years to come, Google plans to develop its own operating system .It is an

Case study/ and report Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

/ and report - Case Study Example The sample represented male (48%) and female (52%) students approximately equally. Table 1 shows the cross-tabulation of students’ gender and their response on the job experience. About half (52%) of the students said they never had a part-time job. 28% of the students said they had a part-time job during summer only and 20% of the students said they had a part-time job but not only during summer. Figure 2 shows the conditional distribution of job experience for the male students. About 44% of the male students never had a part-time job, about 31% had a part-time job during summer only, and about 25% had a part-time job but not only during summer. Figure 3 shows the conditional distribution of job experience for the female students. About 60% of the female students never had a part-time job, about 25% had a part-time job during summer only, and about 15% had a part-time job but not only during summer. Thus, there appears a difference in the conditional distribution of job experience for the male and female students suggesting an association between gender and job experience for the students. In other words, students’ gender and their job experience are not independent. In conclusion, about half of the students never had a part time job and about half of the students had a part-time job. The results indicated that there is an association between gender and job experience for the

Thinking Critically Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thinking Critically - Essay Example This caused for falling of sales from the last three months. Sharmaji firstly identify the problem elaborately. Some problems may become the real problems that may be caused for the falling of sales. Sharmaji critically think the real problems facing in the store and the terms of urgency in the company. In accordance with Sharmaji the real performance of a business is related to the employees. The satisfaction, market trend,working experience, their interest to work are based on the performance of a business. When the marketing trends are changed, it can be motivated by the employees, the employees can find ways to succeed the problem. (University of Phoenix)(1) Sharmaji critically think the problems’ urgency and criticality. The urgent problems can be impact the store’s problems in short-term and the critical problems is that can be impact in a significant manner in the operations of the company. He understands that the sales are decreased from the past three months only this store. Any other has not the problems. Because of the competition process that the present market’s facing problem the sales become fall. For the overcome of the problem they take decision to take alternative solution to this problem.(Koontz)(2) They think to purchase another Store cooling and air-conditioned machine to the store and by this increase the sales. They discussed it with other subordinates and take the decision of purchase. They critically think that his is the only way to achieve the goal. But the legal side takes notice that the new machine has some newly furnished machine and that will cause for the air pollution. They detect the installing of the new machine. By the new machine the company can reduce the cost of electricity and this will cause for increase of the return. But the rules of Law of the companies will not allow for the installation. Sharmaji critically thinking the urgency and

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Free

Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Essay Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1. The case is subtitled â€Å"Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeal for the Third Circuit.† What is the meaning of â€Å"Certiorari†?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Certiorari is an order by a higher court to review the subordinate court. In this the higher court request the lower court to bring the case forward so that it can review how the lower court has gone about with it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2. Which justice wrote the majority opinion for the court? Which justices joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Justice Kennedy wrote the majority opinion. Chief Justice Roberts, Justice Alito, Justice Breyer later on joined him,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3. In five sentences or fewer and in your own words, what are the underlying facts of this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The case involves a plaintiff who was found guilty of a misdemeanor and given a fine for a traffic offense. However, he felt that the police had violated his rights and went to the Supreme Court to seek a certiorari for the court to look at the decision of the lower courts but the court of appeal affirmed the decision by the lower courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   4. What was the main legal issue in this case? In other words, which constitutional provisions were allegedly violated?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main legal issues was whether the police had actually violated a fundamental right in the constitution. The right to privacy is the constitutional question in this case. Who did Petitioner sue? (Who was defendant in original case?)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   5. The petitioner was the board of chosen freeholders of the county of Burlington.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What was the decision of the District court?                   6.The district court held that there was a violation of the fourth amendment.                   7.And how about the Appeals court? What was their decision?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court of appeal upheld the decision of the district court.                   8. The U.S. Supreme Court noted in the majority decision that Appeals courts around the country have been split on this issue. Did this influence the Supreme Court’s decision to hear this case? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This did not affect this case as the court applied their discretion to see the events that had been currently been brought before the court and keep aside the ideas that had ever applied in other cases. The court was also interested to create a precedence as such.                   9. The majority cites the case Block v Rutherford, 468 U.S. 576. For what purpose did they bring up this case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The court used this decision to try and explain the reason for upholding the third circuit as such. This tries to explain the reasons as to why the court upheld it and also show situation which the issue of contraband banning could be used. The court used this to show that if the arrested party was a person of higher degree crime then he could be denied the rights.                   10. The court also raises Hudson v. Palmer, 468 U.S. 517. What point were they trying to make here?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of this case was also to try and explain why the court had made this decision as such and also show instances that such a decision would not amount to infringement of rights.                   11. And Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 318 was discussed in depth. In your own words, what were the facts of that case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case the petitioner had come to court to seek whether undoubted security imperatives that are involved in jail supervision override an assertion that some of the detainees must evade from the invasive search.                   12.Why did the majority cite the Atwater case?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The majority cited this case to act as a guideline as to whether there can be limitation to enjoyment some rights as such.                   1. The majority lists the many types of contraband that can be smuggled into jails. List at least six examples.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mobile Phones, Drugs, Weapons, Glass materials, Illegal clothing, Messages to other prisoners                   2. Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh was discussed. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This situation was discussed to show the situations that the right can be limited. The right is explained that it can be limited in cases that the arrested party would pose a threat to the security of the public.                   3. Chief Justice Roberts issued a â€Å"concurring† opinion. What is a â€Å"concurring† opinion?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A concurring opinion is an opinion that goes in line with the decision and majority opinion of the courts.                   4. In your own words, what is Chief Justice Robert’s point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chief justice Roberts tries to explain the impossibility of the court giving the exclusion of a rule delivered by the same court as such. J                  5. ustice Alito also filed a concurring opinion. What was his point?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   His opinion was that the court will not be present at all times to ensure that the offenders are not subjected to these conditions. He tries to explain the fact that a judicial officer cannot always be present in the police stations to ensure that the right is not infringed at all.                   6. Who wrote the dissenting opinion? And who joined him/her?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissenting opinion was written by Justice by Breyer                   7. The dissent said that a certain standard should apply to searches. What standard were they recommending?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The standard that he sets is the determination of the weight of cases so as to be able to know how serious a matter could be before opting to go ahead to conduct searches on a detainee.                   8. The dissent, too, cites Atwater v. Lago Vista, 532 U.S. 315. Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The opinion cites this case to cite situations I which the right to privacy could be limited and not in minor offences such as the one brought before the court of justice.                   9. On page 5 of the dissent the justices refer to â€Å"amicus† briefs. What is an Amicus brief?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a matter of fact, an amicus brief simply means an intervening brief to a case presented before the court of law.                   10. What examples did the dissent include to show those strip-searched for minor offenses?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The dissent uses the example of traffic offenders being subjected to the same manner just as the people involved in major state offences.                   11. If you were on the court, would you side with the majority, the dissent, or one of the concurring opinions? Why?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Most importantly, I would side with the decent since they have managed to show conclusively how the right can be infringed as such and also tries to protect the rights of minor offenders as well. References Florence vs. Board of Chosen Freeholders of county of Burlington et al. (2012)566. U.S Source document

Reasons for the gender pay gap

Reasons for the gender pay gap Since 1960, the feminization in the European work force is a phenomenon unquestionable. Indeed, today in France of 100 employed people, 47 are women contrary to 1962 where they were 34. In spite of this increase, sex is a significant decisive of professional position in working places (De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004)). This gender discrimination results through the gap of salaries between men and women. We consider in this study gender that gender gap defines oneself as a measure of the difference between the earning of men and women (Andrew Barnard (August 2008) p.18). Certainly, a number of significant review and reports have revealed that women in both full time and part time work earn less than men. Therefore, it remains professional disparities between men and women. To understand this gender discrimination, our analysis focuses on pay according sexes. Firstly, a current situation regarding women work will give basing on factors and reasons that have contributed to this situation. Secondly, a legal position will be analyzed through government initiatives set up to reduce this issue. Finally, the measures that organizations should and could take to eliminate gender pay gap will be examined. First of all, this part will focus on the current situation regarding women work and will find the factors which are contributed to this situation. Above all, it is necessary to define payment to understand our subject. Indeed, payment defines oneself as an income and all contractual terms and conditions including a basic salary and other benefits for example bonus, pension scheme, company car that could receive an employees. Today, the pay gap between men and women tend to decrease but it remains narrowed slightly. Indeed in the UK, the statistics revealed that pay gap between sexes is 12,2 per cent in 2009 while in 2008 it was 12,6 per cent. Therefore, sexes pay gap decreased however it has not removed. Moreover, according to Employee Benefits in Salary Survey (2009) the mean salary of men including rewards differs from  £16,000 above the mean salary of women. (Jones, Ben (December 2009)). Furthermore, in regard to the median earning, it is noticeable that the average pay of man in 2006 is  £11.71 contrary to women which is  £10.24. Anon (11/9/2006) Sexes pay gap shrinks. We could wonder if the women work is being valued equally to men. According to Anon (01/11/1999), the women work is 20 per cent less valuable than mens work. However, it is difficult to understand the pay gap if pay is not associated to observable factors. In fact, to analyze difference of income between men and women, we have to add the age, the region the occupation industries and sectors variables (Andrew Barnard (August 2008) p.23). According to Appendices 1, 2 and 3, it is to say that these variables have a significant impact on earnings. Firstly, if we focus on age effect on earning according to gender we can see that men progress faster than woman until 21-22 years old, then earnings increase at a similar rate until age 40 and after 46 years women earning are high than men. (See appendix 1) This tendency can be explained by the fact that women tend to return later to the working market due to their career breaks when they are pregnant. Secondly, if we choose the variable of occupational effects (See appendix 2) it is argueable that there is a difference of earnings between men and woman in managers and senior officials higher than administrative and secretarial occupations. In fact people who work within professional and technical occupations, career breaks are damaging people future earnings less who work within professional and technical occupations that means career is more flexible compared to senior officials occupations. Finally, in appendix 3 it can be seen clearly that women are submit to discrimination in m anufacturing, agriculture and fishing, energy and quarrying sectors due to their lack of skills in this sector. Only, the public sector offers roughly the equal earnings according gender. Finally, we can study the mentality of European Union members that know their feelings about the subject and know if for them it is natural that women work less than men in nowadays. (See appendix 4). The survey reveals that Europeans opinions differ from one country to another. In France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Portugal the majority of pooled people are discordant to this statement. Contrary to Greece, Bulgaria, Lithuania which are agree to say that it is normal that women work less than men. (European Commission (2009)) the results of this survey show very well that the mentalities are difficult to change and this contributes to discriminate women working. Discrimination occurs when one persons wage is different from another otherwise identical persons for reasons of non-productivity related characteristics such as gender Andrew Barnard (August 2008). Therefore, it is questionable why women are paid less than men. Andrews Barnard thinks it results from a combination of discriminatory and economic reasons. According to De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004), allocation of time between productive and domestic spheres is often in favor or men. Indeed, the salary of women is often a supplementary salary whereas men are specialized in working area. Moreover, stereotypical perceptions of women still remains through a lack of flexibility due to their needs to reconcile demands of career and family, some negative effects of masculine organizational culture. As reported by the minister of employment, social cohesion and housing (2006), women are less paid than men because their working time is lower than mens men working time. Indeed women work more frequently than men in part-time, they are doing more complementary hours but less lucrative than supplementary hours. In other part, men in average jobs are paid more than women in such that their supplementary hours are also in average better pay. Moreover, the pay gap between men and women is not only due to discrimination. Indeed, Hakims (2004) argues that it is a scientific theory. Men and women have different main interests and they find their fulfillment through differ balance. Of 100 women, 20 are work centred, 20 are home centred and 60 are adaptive. And on 100 men 30 are adaptive, 60 are work centred and 10 are home centred. Furthermore, it can be add also that women have a profile career easier to damage than men. The presence of children is of course a reason to cease activity particularly in women less qualified. Concerning women who have a high level of studies, maternity has an effect of working length with a transition of part-time to conciliate work and family life. Finally, women are concentrated in less lucrative fields often they are focus on health, social, teaching jobs at the expense of scientific and engineer field therefore we can speak about of occupational segregation (De Curraize, Y., Hugouneny, R., (2004)). Finally, Goldberg (1973) thinks that the male dominance in the working area could come from their hormones. Indeed, their attraction of competition, assertiveness, and dominant are due to their testosterone. Therefore, it is obvious for them to be in high hierarchy. To conclude this part, we can consider that discriminal in pay, occupational segregation and the unequal impact womens family responsibilities are three main factors which contribute to the gender gap. In this second part, a legal position regarding women work will be given through government initiatives. The main actors who contributed most to progress in the area of gender equality according to survey of European Commission (2009) are associations representing womens interests, national equality organization, trade unions, the European Institutions (European Parliament, European Commission, European Council), National public authorities, NGOs, and Employers representatives. Firstly, we will see that some convention, laws and ratification will create to reduce gender discrimination. Firstly, on the European level, some texts have been ratified. First of all the principle of equality between men and women defined in article 119 of Roma Treaty (1957) which announces the equality of pay without discrimination based on sex. This implies a payment given for a same job being establish in the basis of the same unit of measurement and that the payment given for a job paid being the same for the same work position. On the national level, the Equal Opportunities Commission (EOC) and United Kingdom Parliament have enforced The equal pay act in 1970 which is amended in 1983 based on prohibition of any less favorable treatment between men and women in terms of pay and conditions of employment. The term pay is interpreted in a broad sense to include, on top of wages, things like holidays, pension rights, company perks and some kinds of bonuses. Also, Sex discrimination Act dated of 1975 protects men and women from discrimination on the grounds of sex or marriage. Moreover, this Act is mainly in relation to employment, training, education, harassment, the provision of goods and services, and the disposal of premises. Other amendments have been introduced by the Sex Discrimination Act 1986, the Employment Act 1989, the Equality Act 2006, and other legislation such as rulings by the European Court of Justice. In February 2001, the EOC sets up Equal pay task force publishing a report to eliminate gender pay gap and almost try to understand it, take evidence and suggest commendation about how to close the gap through amending social economic and labour market policies to complement equal pay measures for instance flexibility, training opportunities. This report lays down 5 multi-levels to addressing the issue. The first one is raising levels of awareness and developing a common understanding of what the pay gap means, the second is reforming and modernising the equal pay legislation, then capacity building to ensure that employers and trade unions know how to implement equal pay, the fourth is enhancing transparency and developing accountability for delivering pay equality and the final one is amending social, economic and labour market policies to complement equal pay measures (Equal Pay Task Force Report (2001)). The law of 23 March 2006 has the same goal of Equal pay task force however this law leads to a sanction when there is no plan of curbing professional inequalities in com panies. (Gottely-Fayet J. (Mars 2010)) James Purnell, Minister of State for Pensions Reforms (March 2007) would allow men to share more domestic responsibilities. As reality has proved that men are already doing more within the household, but they still do less than women. This pensions reforms stands for tackle to stereotypical career paths (job suited to women for example Women and Work Commission- Five Cs), remove stereotypes embedded in organizational culture for instance women in support roles and reduce stereotypical view of men as managers (Managing diversity for equal diversity course slides). We have to notice also the Governments Ten Year Childcare Strategy (2nd December 2004) which is setting up to improve parents life. It relies on 4 principles which include the choice and the flexibility which is means that parents have a large choice about balancing work and family life, the availability concerning families with children aged up to 14 who need it, an affordable, high-quality childcare place is available in o rder to meets their expectations, the quality where a high-quality provision with a highly skilled childcare is promoted and finally the affordability where families could be able to afford flexible high-quality childcare that is appropriate to their needs according to the Government office for London (2004). And finally the Equality Act 2006 allowing to the British Government to introduce regulations outlawing discrimination on the ground of sexual orientation in goods and services in both Great Britain and Northern Ireland (the Sexual Orientation Regulations 2006) and a provision relating to the creation of a public duty to promote equality on the ground of gender. Finally, can be seen that government shows the will to remove discrimination through creative equal opportunities initiatives based on career-break schemes, work place nursery, women-only training programs, special holidays, work-sharing and part-time employment. (Firth-Cozens, J. and A. West (1990)) Government initiatives against discrimination are not enough to succeed to reach a total equality between men and woman. Indeed, other strategies within companies can be used to combat pay gap. Firstly, according to Jones, Ben (December 2009) a greater transparency is necessary in the companies, the availability of pay showing detailed job evaluations. For instance, in the public sector equal pay monitoring is a compulsory requirement. Employees have to make audits to publish gender gap in order to aware on discrimination, review existing policies within their companies and to re-examine how your staff are paid. The audit results will help to identify and address pitfalls in pay systems. It will also suggest good basis for create new policies or improving old ones. If companies are enrolled in fair pay this allow to have a positive impact on staff motivation and retention. It will also improve trust in the employer/employee relationship. EOC Equal opportunities commission (2009) pointed out. Some others measures should be taken to reduce the pay gap between men and women like impose penalties on company guilty of gender based pay discrimination, intensifying efforts to combat prejudice and generally negative accepted areas concerning women that is means challenging stereotypes; facilitate responsibility women positions through formal monitoring programs, remove barriers of inflexible working; improve access for women and men to sectors and jobs in which they are under-represented for example apply a fair recruitment and selection procedures and finally enhancing the standing of the sectors or jobs in which a majority of women are employed like combining work and family life, lifelong opportunities for women in training and work, embedding quality part-time work and improving careers advice. European Commission Survey (2009) p.67 Moreover, EOC proposes a guide to employers on equal pay between men and women under the sex discrimination ordinance. Indeed, company can enroll in Equal Pay Policy in order to have a good employment practice to maintain open communication with staff. This policy permits to ensure to employees a clear understanding on problems relating to their career within their organizations and understand principles affections their remuneration throughout their working life within their company. The Equal Pay Policy should cover the following requirement in order to combat pay gap: Some commitment are recommended like organizations commitment to support the principle of equal pay between men and women, an outline of the policies and practices undertaken by the organization to ensure pay equity, a commitment to carry out equal pay self-audits periodically and to take corrective actions if necessary, another one to provide resources to monitor equal pay practice in the organization, an account of actions taken and results obtained to validate compliance on equal pay under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance and the establishment of a mechanism to provide assistance to staff to address equal pay concerns. To sum it up Governments, organizations and institutions show their will to reduce and remove gender gap thanks to some Acts and laws such as the Equal Pay Act, Equality Act or Governments ten year child care strategy. Also, some strategies are implemented within companies like the development of a certain transparency, audits, fair recruitment, and career advice. In spite of the reduction of gender pay gap, we notice that it still remains through some statistics which show discrimination in pay, occupational segregation and unequal impact womens family responsibilities. There are good reasons to be optimistic about the future because the majority of Europeans consider that it is not normal that a women work less than men therefore the mentalities are changing however to combat women work discrimination it is questionable if the image of the women should be less stereotype in the media? Appendices Figure 1 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 2 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 3 Andrew Barnard (August 2008) Modelling the gender pay gap in the UK: 1998 to 2006 Figure 4 European Commission (2009), Gender equality in the EU in 2009