Organizational Change Linking Research

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Change for Linking Research. Answer: Introduction Change is the transition from a know state to an unknown state and is influenced by uncertainty and insecurity. The case The Philippine Daily Inquirer depicts a situation wherein the leading newspaper experiences a need for organisational change to cope up with rapidly changing technology and business processes to meet the demands of the modern marketplace. The globalisation of markets, advancement in technology and generational differences among employees are the three main pressures for change experienced by Inquirer (Hellriegel and John W. Slocum, 2011). To retain its market position Inquirer needs to adapt to changing technology, change its complacent organisational culture and manage resistance to change shown by employees. Different organisational behaviour theories and concepts are used to identify the problems, analyse them and provide recommendations. Problems Identified As the company moved from one growth phase to another it faced a number of organisational behavioural problems. When the company moved to their brand-new building in Makati and new employees were hired pioneers could sense the changes wherein old employee felt that new employee lack enough experience and are not aware of sacrifices made by old employees. This symptom points out to the generational difference that was building up within the company and was soon to become a source to unhealthy competition and rivalry among employees(Robbins and Judge., 2013). Generational difference if not managed effectively on time has adverse affects on companys organisational culture. Later in the case it is seen how the new employees hired for forming an independent web-focused group was seen as rivals by the old editors. These two groups would not work in cooperation with each other even though this cooperation was essential for the successful future of the Inquirer. The company thus was facing a need for change in organisational culture owing to pressure caused by generational difference between old and new employees. Advancement in technology with the introduction of internet and feature rich mobile devices lead to a decline in newspaper readership as more and more people preferred reading news online anytime, anywhere. Inquirer was facing a need to adapt to changing ways of working and invest more on developing their website along with remaining competitive in newspaper publishing. Old employees at Inquirer were showing resistance to change as they were adapted to old ways of working and were facing a threat of competition from new employees. Lettys micro-management style was also hampering the culture of the company and was actually serving as a barrier to future goals. Analysis and Evaluation As analysis of the problems faced by Inquirer shows that the company is suffering from a culture of complacency wherein its pioneers and old employees are satisfied with how things are working currently and is unaware of the fact that to survive in changing times it is important to make them better(Tucker, 2010). Pioneers and old employees at Inquirer are ignoring the urgency of change that is caused by advancement in technology and generational difference. Inquirer is also facing. The company had developed a culture of dictatorship and faced issues owing to Lettys micro-management leadership style. As depicted in the case study pioneers and old employees are showing resistance to change as they have become slaves to traditional newspaper process. Owing to the culture of complacency existing within the company, employees experience a feeling of self-satisfaction and contentment which is coupled with an unawareness of upcoming dangers and troubles (Allen and Skelton, 2005). Inquirers pioneers and old employees have entered a comfort zone wherein their roles, position and power to control people and things are clearly defined. These employees are experiencing a threat to lose their position and power if the changes are implemented. Pioneers and old employees are trying to prove that the new employees are not experienced enough as they were not associated with the company in tough times. They are not ready to adapt with the generational differences instead are treating new employees hired to form an independent web-focused group as their rivals resulting in an unhealthy competitive work culture. The case depicts high level of centralisation at the top management within the editorial group. Almost all planning and decision making is done by pioneers and lower level or new employees are not involved in the process of decision making (McShane et al., 2015). There is a culture of autocracy which stems from Lettys micro-management leadership style. She comes late to the office because of which the complete newspaper process gets delay and has a direct impact on news website. Junior editors followed all her decisions and instructions as she had gained high respect and control being one of the pioneer editors. Nothing went on the first page of the newspaper without her guidance and scrutiny. This high level of centralisation within the editorial group was a threat to Inquirers competitive advantage and market position as the complete newspaper production was affected by it. Current level of departmentalisation is also adding to cultural problems at Inquirer and is giving rise to un healthy competition among different departments which must work in coordination with each other to achieved desired organisational goals and create a unified Inquirer brand (King and Lawley, 2013). The employees in the newspaper department and web-focused department saw each other as rivals making cooperation between the two departments very difficult. The editorial group at Inquirer is currently facing the storming stage of team development wherein they are working with new members and teams and are unaware of each other competencies and needs. At this stage of team development team members compete with each other instead of working in cooperation(Wheelan, 2014). They compete for acceptance of their ideas and status within the team. Letty who is one of the most respected editors and leaders at Inquirer is described as a slave to traditional newspaper process; she comes late to office because of which the complete newspaper process is delayed. She has a micro-management leadership style wherein she controls and directs her subordinates and ensures that nothing is moved to front page of newspaper without her approval (White, 2010). She acts as if all other editors lack the competence required to perform the tasks in desired ways. Her leadership style is affecting Inquirer change process in an adverse way and is giving rise to resist ance to change. She knows that the changes required are important but her actions are not in favour of change. To retain Inquirer market position and competitive advantage it is important to change its organisational culture and make it more adaptive to the environment. Lewins change management model can be used to bring about desired changes in Inquirer organisational culture(Bateh, Castaneda and Farah, 2013). The three steps of unfreeze, move and refreeze needs to be followed in a sequential manner. Sandy must clearly communicate inquirers mission to all old and new employees and create urgency for change. He must communicate to them the significance of effective diversity management and how important it is for all departments to work in cooperation to create and maintain a unified Inquirer brand. He has to encourage two way communication and involve all employee in the decision making process either directly or indirectly (Erwin and Garman, 2010). He should implement a reward and recognition system to recognise strong performance and show that all employees are equally competent to handle responsibilities assigned to them. It is important to motivate and engage all employees in the change process to minimise resistance to change and achieve desired goals. Recommendations Organisational change is a process that is difficult to manage and understand and presents complex challenges. Effective communication, employee engagement and empathy are the three drivers to successful change management. Resistance to change can be management by creating a vision for the change and ensuring this vision is effectively communicated to employee with an aim to create urgency for change. Advancement in technology and generational difference are the two main pressures that are forcing Inquirer to change its organisational culture. Inquirer complacent organisational culture is serving as the primary source of resistance to change and it has become essential to break this culture and enter the norming stage of team development. Pioneers and old employees at Inquirer needs to change their leadership style and respect diversity at work place to retain the companys market position and competitive advantage in todays dynamic business environment. References Allen, T. and Skelton, T. (2005) Culture and Global Change, New Jersey: Routledge. Bateh, J., Castaneda, M.E. and Farah, J.E. (2013) 'Employee Resistance To Organizational Change', International Journal of Management Information Systems (IJMIS), vol. 17, no. 2. Erwin, D.G. and Garman, A.N. (2010) 'Resistance to organizational change: linking research and practice', Leadership Organization Development Journal, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 39-56. Hellriegel, D. and John W. Slocum, J. (2011) Organizational Behaviour, 13th edition, New York: Cengage Learning. King, D. and Lawley, S. (2013) Organizational Behaviour, Oxford: OUP Oxford. McShane, S., Olekalns, M., Newman, A. and Travaglione, T. (2015) Organisational Behaviour 5e; Emerging Knowledge. Global Insights, Sydney: McGraw-Hill Education Australia. Robbins, S.P. and Judge., T.A. (2013) Organizational Behaviour, New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc. Tucker, J. (2010) 'Financial crises: a culture of complacency', Journal of Organisational Transformation Social Change, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 7-23. Wheelan, S.A. (2014) Creating Effective Teams: A Guide for Members and Leaders, London: SAGE Publications. White, R.D. (2010) 'The Micromanagement Disease: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Cure', Public Personnel Management, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 71-76.

The Tom Tom Company

Abstract This analytical treatise offers an explicit review of the Tom Tom Company’s business environment. The main focus of this paper is the internal and external environments, SWOT and recommendations for the future strategies that the company should implement. The recommendations identified include remodeling of the company’s marketing strategy and decision making processes.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Tom Tom Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Internal environment analysis Corporate strategy Within the automotive navigation systems industry of the Netherlands, the business magnitude of the Tom Tom Company is wide and well organised into different subs stores and has a strong presence in all the continents of the globe. The company has an active presence in the main urban towns within the Netherlands besides several franchises. Business strategy The company has stratified its targ et market into wholesaler, retailer, and small business segments. The products are also produced in different quality in order to maximise the returns from clients in the upper and lower economic ladders. Despite the relatively crowded market, Tom Tom has designed and integrated reliable and efficient in-house and external suppliers to ensure the flow of its products within and out of the Dutch territory. Business structures The performance of the Tom Tom Company within the expansive automotive navigation systems industry in the Netherlands is highly dependent on the buyer-power in terms of their purchasing power. For instance, the current 5% discount for many of its products and free shipping for purchases beyond a certain quantity has ensured that the business is geared towards maximising its returns. International strategy Through competitive pricing, strategic expansion, and planned diversification, the Tom Tom Company has managed to establish a strong international market niche despite the rivalry. At present, the company controls 38% of the international market and has a very responsive customer support and online maintenance team for every continent. Capabilities and strategic issues in diagnosis The Tom Tom Company has a great opportunity for expansion since the market is inclined to its advantage. For instance, its innovative approach to addressing consumer concerns via the customer support centres and a well organised distribution network will ensure sustainable and rapid expansion into new market niches. External environment analysis General environment and industry The Tom Tom Company operates in the automotive navigation systems industry. The company has established leadership in the European market and controls 39% of it. Currently, the retail and wholesale business segments are the leading sources of revenues amounting to five million dollars in the last twelve months.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Competitors The main competitors of the Tom Tom Company are the Navico Holding A.S, MiTAC International Corporation and the Garmin Limited. However, the company has a more global presence than these competitors. For instance, the company controls more than ten percent of the global market. Overall potential of the company Strengths The company has already established itself in the global market and offers competitive prices for its products. The company’s product prices are almost 20% cheaper than those of its competitors. Opportunities The company has the opportunity of diversifying marketing beyond its current scope of operations because of its wide distribution channels. Besides, its supply chain, online sales platform, and the franchised operations have the potential for expansion into the under-exploited Africa market. Weaknesses Most of the models of supply chain management at Tom Tom propose a linear for mat to make judgments within the organisation. As a result, responding to the issues raised by the customers often takes a longer time than is expected by the clients. Threats The company’s modernism business approach makes it miss on exact predictions of its desirable future positions. For instance the projected business expansion strategy of 2011 failed to meet the expectations by almost 30%. There are many competitors in the market, especially the big players mentioned earlier. Recommendations The company needs to make use of the current technology in order to remain on top of its competitors. Also, the company should change its approach to strategic insight and execution of strategic plans (Wheelen Hunger, 2008). Reference Wheelen, T., Hunger, D. (2008). Strategic management and business policy: concepts and cases(13thed.). London, UK: Pearson/Prentice Hall.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Tom Tom Company specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More This report on The Tom Tom Company was written and submitted by user Javier Petty to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Law Worksheet Essays

Communication Law Worksheet Essays Communication Law Worksheet Essay Communication Law Worksheet Essay 1. Communication Law is primarily about the First Amendment. What different types of speech can you identify that may have different protection under the first amendment? Under the First Amendment many types of speech receive the most stringent levels of protection while others receive little to no protection at all. Political or religious speech are two of the biggest and most important areas of speech that receive the most protection and seem to be at the core of the First Amendment rights. These two types of speech receive a great deal of scrutiny, however that scrutiny is usually never upheld. Other areas of speech involving obscenities receive no protection under the First Amendment. Commercial speech is an area of speech that in recent years is starting to gain a great deal of protection under the First Amendment. It has been determined that restrictions on commercial speech be subject to intermediate scrutiny. As a result of commercial speech many food and drug regulations have been invalidated. Commercial speech has recently gone from absolutely no protection under the First Amendment to qualified protection. Commercial speech was limited to promotion of commercial activities. Under the commercial speech doctrine speech does not lose its constitutional protection simply because it appears in a commercial context. Placing want ads in a newspaper is an area of commercial speech that is now protected under this doctrine, however those areas of commercial speech that promote illegal things like employment discrimination is indeed illegal and not protected under the First Amendment. 2. Name and discuss three of the first amendment theories found in the text. Freedom of expression started back in 1791 when the First Amendment was ratified in regards to freedom of the presses. Since the freedom of expression has changed dramatically with new media outlets like television, radio, and the Internet. Freedom of expression was and is used today as having no prior censorship. It also protects people from punishment after publication. Freedom of expression is quite different today, and today there can be nine different definitions of freedom of expression and are usually based on Supreme Court justices. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 â€Å"forbade false, scandalous, and malicious publications against the U. S. government, congress, and the President† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 48). The law was used to punish those who sought to cause problems and urged resistance to the government. There were 15 prosecutions under this law, many of which belonged to leading papers in the nation at that time. This law was overturned in 1801 and President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under this law. Today people are allowed to criticize the government and publicly hold views that do not go along with the government or the current administration with little to no prosecution. Taxation of the presses is another area und the First Amendment that has come under scrutiny. Taxing of newspapers and other press outlets was deemed unconstitutional. Government could not tax some members of certain branches over others, and taxing against the content of a publication was also found to be unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional also to â€Å"rule that selective taxation of the press through the narrow targeting of individual members offends the First Amendment and that a differential taxation of First Amendment speakers is constitutionally suspect when it threatens to suppress the expression of particular ideas or viewpoints† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 65). 3. What does prior restraint mean? Why is it important? Prior restraint is an official restriction of speech prior to publication. â€Å"Prior restraint refers to an unconstitutional attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is restraint on free speech and free press prohibited by the First Amendment† (USlegal. com, 2010). Areas that are covered under prior restraint are allowed to be published include libel, slander, obvious miss-truths, anti-government feelings and attitudes, racial and religious areas, and most any material where public security or public safety is not compromised. Public estraint also prohibits felons from profiting off of their crimes. It is used to describe the printing and profiting of illegal crimes. Prior restraint has gone through many revisions since its original inception. Prior restraint is important because it violates First Amendment rights. Free speech and free press should have priority but under prior restraint they do not. â€Å"Blackstone’s theory on this subjec t held that liberty of the press depended on having no prior restraints on publications and not in freedom from punishment when criminal matter is published† (USlegal. om, 2010). References Pember, D. R. , Clavert, C. (2011). Mass media law (17th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. First Amendment Religion and Expression Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press . (1996). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from Network Abuse Clearinghouse: abuse. net/commercial. html Prior restraint law legal definition. (2010). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from US legal: http://definitions. uslegal. com/p/prior-restraint/

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders

10 Fascinating Things About Black Widow Spiders Black widow spiders are feared for their potent venom, and rightfully so, to some degree. But much of what you think is true about the black widow is probably more myth than fact. Interesting Things About Black Widow Spiders These 10 fascinating facts about black widow spiders will teach you how to identify them, how they behave, and how to minimize your risk of being bitten. Widow spiders arent always black When most people talk about the black widow spider, they likely think theyre referring to a particular spider species. But in the U.S. alone, there are three different kinds of black widows (northern, southern, and western). And although we tend to refer to all members of the genus Lactrodectus as black widows, widow spiders arent always black. There are 31 species of Lactrodectus spiders worldwide. In the U.S., these include a brown widow and a red widow. Only adult female black widows inflict dangerous bites Female widow spiders are larger than males. It is believed, therefore, that female black widows can penetrate vertebrate skin more effectively than males and inject more venom when they bite. Nearly all medically significant black widow bites are inflicted by female spiders. Male widow spiders and spiderlings are rarely a cause for concern, and some experts even say they dont bite. Black widow females rarely eat their mates Lactrodectus spiders are widely thought to practice sexual cannibalism, where the smaller male is sacrificed after mating. In fact, this belief is so widespread the term black widow has become synonymous for femme fatale, a kind of seductress who lures men with the intention of bringing harm to them. But studies show that such behavior is actually quite rare in widow spiders in the wild, and even uncommon among captive spiders. Sexual cannibalism is actually practiced by quite a few insects and spiders and is not unique to the often maligned black widow. Most (but not all) widow spiders can be identified by a red hourglass marking Nearly all black widow females bear a distinct hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen. In most species, the hourglass is bright red or orange, in sharp contrast to its shiny black abdomen. The hourglass may be incomplete, with a break in the middle, in certain species like the northern black widow (Lactrodectus variolus). However, the red widow, Lactrodectus bishopi, does not have an hourglass marking, so be mindful that not all widow spiders are identified by this feature. Black widow spiderlings look nothing like the black and red spiders we recognize as black widows Widow spider nymphs are mostly white when they hatch from the egg sac. As they undergo successive molts, the spiderlings gradually darken in color, from tan to gray, usually with white or beige markings. Female spiderlings take longer to reach maturity than their brothers but eventually turn dark black and red. So that drab, pale little spider you found just might be a widow spider, albeit an immature one. Black widows make cobwebs Black widow spiders belong to the spider family Theridiidae, commonly called the cobweb spiders. These spiders, black widows included, construct sticky, irregular silk webs to ensnare their prey. Members of this spider family are also referred to as comb-foot spiders because they have a row of bristles on their back legs to help them wrap silk around their prey. But no need to worry. Although they are closely related to the house spiders building cobwebs in the corners of your home, black widows rarely come indoors. Female black widows have poor eyesight Black widows rely on their silk webs to see whats going on around them because they cant see very well. The black widow female usually hides in a hole or crevice and builds her web as an extension of her hiding spot. From the safety of her retreat, she can feel the vibrations of her web when either prey or predator comes in contact with the silk threads. Male widow spiders looking for mates use this to their advantage. The male black widow will cut and rearrange the females web, making it difficult for her to sense whats happening, before carefully approaching her to mate. Black widow venom is 15 times as toxic as that of the prairie rattlesnake Widow spiders do pack a powerful punch of neurotoxins in their venom. By volume, Lactrodectus venom is an extremely toxic mix of poisons capable of causing muscle cramps, severe pain, hypertension, weakness and sweating in bite victims. But black widow spiders are significantly smaller than rattlesnakes, and theyre built for subduing other small invertebrates, not large mammals like people. When a black widow spider bites a person, the volume of neurotoxins injected in the victim is small.   Black widow spider bites are rarely fatal Although black widow bites can be painful and require medical treatment, they are very rarely fatal.   In fact, the majority of black widow bites cause only mild symptoms, and many bite victims dont even realize they were bitten. In a review of over 23,000 documented Lactrodectus envenomation cases that occurred in the U.S. from 2000 to 2008, the study authors noted that not a single death occurred as a result of a black widow bite. Only 1.4% of bite victims suffered major effects of black widow venom. Before the invention of indoor plumbing, most black widow bites occurred in outhouses Black widows dont often invade homes, but they do like to inhabit human-built structures like sheds, barns, and outhouses. And unfortunately for those who lived before the water closet was commonplace, black widows like to retreat under the seats of outdoor privies, perhaps because the smell attracts so many delicious flies for them to catch. Men who use pit toilets should be aware of this disturbing little factoid – most black widow bites are inflicted on penises, thanks to their tendency to dangle threateningly into the black widows territory beneath the seat. A 1944 case study published in the Annals of Surgery noted that, of 24 black widow bite cases reviewed, eleven bites were on the penis, one was on the scrotum, and four were on the buttocks. A full 16 of the 24 victims were bitten while sitting on the toilet. Sources Physicians Guide to Arthropods of Medical Significance, 6th edition, by Jerome Stoddard.Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitey Cranshaw and Richard Redak.The Black Widow Spider, by Karen M. Vail, Carl Jones, and Harry Williams, University of Tennessee. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, Occupational Safety and Health Administration fact sheet, U.S. Department of Labor. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider, North Carolina State University. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow and Other Widow Spiders, University fo California IPM Program. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Black Widow, Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Accessed online August 12, 2015.Genus Lactrodectus – Widow Spiders, Bugguide.net. Accessed online August 12, 2015.The Treatment of Black Widow Spider Envenomation with Antivenin Latrodectus Mactans: A Case Series, by S. R. Offerman, G. P. Daubert, and R. F. Clark. The Permanente Journal,  15(3), 7 6–81 (2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015. A US Perspective of SymptomaticLatrodectus  spp. Envenomation and Treatment: A National Poison Data System Review, by Andrew A. Monte, Becki Bucher-Bartelson, and Kennon J. Heard. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 45(12), 1491-1498 (December 2011). Accessed online August 12, 2015.Black Widow Spider Bite, by H. T. Kirby-Smith.  Annals of Surgery, 115(2), 249–257 (1942).

International Business Management (Strategic Alliances types) Essay

International Business Management (Strategic Alliances types) - Essay Example Features responsible for success of an alliance are managing co-ordination and trust between partners. Trust develops through various processes as commitment, bargaining and interaction. The alliance must also develop trust between its vendors and customers, this is relational capital. Trust among the customers raises the alliance reputation capital, consequently resulting to alliance success. Alliances are founded on contract and not friendship bases, therefore, each partner is expected to be committed and display its trustworthy. The alliance maintenance must focus on trust between the parties involved and the degree of adherence to set rules and regulations. The partners have the advantage to learn from each other without exploiting each other through resources or capabilities. Knowledge diffuses takes place from one firm to all the alliance parties. In each alliance well defined, rules are set aside to protect the parties from exploitation by the giant partners. The general types of strategic alliances are Joint venture, non-equity alliance, equity strategic alliance and global strategic alliance (Gomes, 2011, p. 53-47). Joint venture alliance involves a long term investment between two or more organisation which benefits all partners. The investment includes funds, resources and facilities which are contributed equally by the associated companies. A classic example of the joint venture is Caltex Company that is formed between the California Standard oil and the Texaco Company earlier known as Texas Company (Mitchell, 2013, p. 77). The petroleum company products are available in more than 60 countries in the Asia, Middle East, pacific region and the Southern Africa. Caltex is a global organisation having its product distributed and consumed in many parts of the world. The companies combined their resources together to create a separate business. Chevron had plenty oil wells but

Report Summary Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Report Summary - Term Paper Example The review is based on this particular article and a few other related literature that are relevant to the arguments presented in the article. This report concludes that sustainable development can only be achieved through low- carbon economy. Such an economy is critical in sustaining the present and future generation without subjecting them to serious environmental, social, and economic risks that often characterizes high- carbon economy. Introduction The article â€Å"World Investment Report 2010- Investing in a Low- Carbon Economy† was prepared by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) in 2010. The report has focused on various aspects of investment across the world such as Global Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), investment policy trends, and how specific sectors play a role in FDI share among other aspects. Particularly, the report has discussed investing in a low- carbon economy. Its focus on low- carbon economy is informed by the need to have sus tainable economic development. This article was developed in the context of emerging impacts of climate change that are deemed to be adverse and detrimental to human survival in the long- run. As such, there is need for solutions in order to counter the implications of climate change impacts and provide sustainable environment for the present and future generations. UNCTAD is a UN’s agency and therefore the credibility of this article is unquestionable. The subject of low- carbon economy is very important and worth writing because as a society we cannot ignore the impacts of climate change which are so real. The society should be alive to the realities of climate change which threatens the very existence of humans (Sawin and Moomaw 23). That is why writing on measures that are and should be taken to counter one of the greatest challenges currently facing humans is such a noble engagement. This purpose of this report is to focus on the issues discussed in the article, which is investing in the low- carbon economy. The article is comprehensive and covers critical aspects that focus on investing in low- carbon economy. Analytical Summary of Main Arguments The article begins by arguing that Transnational Corporations (TNCs) are part of the problem and solution to the investment in a low- carbon economy due to the proposition that they can provide low- carbon technology and investment. Indeed, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) on low carbon is already huge and its potential is immense. However, â€Å"carbon leakage† is a major concern to this investment; UNCTADA notes in its report that this concern can be addressed at source rather than at the border through ways such as engaging corporate governance mechanisms (UNCTAD 20). Moreover, investments in low- carbon economy should not occur in haphazard as this may result to high costs and reduced benefits. Therefore, there is need for policy to be put in place so as to minimize costs and maximize benefits t hat are linked to attracting low- carbon FDI (Constable 95). Towards this end, UNCTAD makes proposals in the report in regard to global partnership. The proposal is made up of five major components: securing contribution of IIAs to mitigation of climate change; establishment of strategies that are geared towards promoting clean investment; developing an international

William Shakespeares play Essay Example for Free

William Shakespeares play Essay Critics believe that William Shakespeares play The Tempest was written around 1610. It opens with a storm, which results in shipwreck, many of the main characters end up stranded. The first time we hear of Prospero is in Act I Scene ii were he is involved in a conversation with his daughter Miranda, during which she accuses him of causing the storm If by your art you have caused this storm. He admits it but in doing so ends up confessing to Miranda all about her past and how they came to be on the island Tis is time I informed thee farther, he does this to try and justify his actions. He has a slave called Ariel I thank thee, master, who comes and informs him of the results of the storm. All of the crew and passengers survived as Prospero asked Ariel not to harm any of them But are they, Ariel, safe? Not a hair perishd. We then begin to learn about another key character, Caliban, who is another of Prosperos slaves Thou most lying slave. Caliban believes that the island belongs to him and that Prospero, who now thinks he owns the island, stole it from his now deceased mother Sycorax This islands mine, by Sycorax my mother. When this conversation ends Ariel begins to start her next task. Ferdinand, who was onboard the ship, is enticed by Ariel song and begins to make his way in towards Miranda. Ariel is invisible at this point so Ferdinand thinks the beautiful sounds are coming from Miranda. Eventually the meet and, with a little help from the invisible Ariel and hidden Prospero, begin to fall in love. We then move onto Act II with the rest of the stranded passengers. Two of them, Antonio and Sebastian begin to gently bully a wise man named Gonzalo Look hes winding up the watch of his wit, they then move into a private conversation of their own. During which they form a plot to kill most of their fellow passengers including Alonso, King of Naples and Sebastians brother, whilst they are asleep. This would mean that they would have a huge power status, as Sebastian would become King of Naples and Antonio is already Duke of Milan. Their plan is foiled by Ariel awakening Gonzalo. Trincolo, jester, and Stephano, a drunken butler, come across Caliban in the woods. Under the influence of alcohol Caliban agrees to serve the drunken pair with the promise that they will kill Prospero. This will make them owners of the island and Caliban thinks they will treat him better than Prospero. However, an invisible Prospero hears them talking about him and sends some spirits to case them away Go charge my goblins. There is then a scene in which all the royal party are gathered, Prosepero at the head. He explains all that has gone on to everybody. He decides to give up his magic and return as Duke of Milan while Miranda and Ferdinand declare their love for one another. From the basic plot Prospero does not seem like a bad person but there are many fine details missed out in the summary. When Prospero arrived on the island its only inhabitant was Caliban who had grown up there. Calibans way of life was very different to Prosperos as he had not grown up with civilization. Prosperos personality appears to have more bad traits than good. His worst are a strong arrogance as he thinks he is life is not only different to Calibans it is also better, which is not true. He does seem to have a few positive traits the main one of these appears to be honesty as he shows his intentions about owning the island and re-gaining his Dukedom but this is counteracted by the way he is very sneaky and tries to influence the forces of nature. This is shown when he repeatedly makes himself or Ariel invisible and speaks to other characters although he were someone else. Two other characters, Caliban and Ariel, play a huge part in deducting his true colors. They appear to be his good side, Ariel and his bad side, Caliban we know he thinks this to as he refers to Caliban as this thing of darkness I acknowledge mine. There are two phases to explain this, one is that they are his yin and yang and the other is to say that they make up a doppelganger. Prosperos most intimate relationship with another character is with Caliban. As well as assuming power over the island he also assumes power and therefore control over Caliban himself. He is infact prejudice against Caliban and thinks Caliban is not fit to rule the island. In the beginning he taught Caliban how to speak and in return Caliban showed him all the special features on the island. But Prospero betrayed Caliban because now he knew all the secrets of the isle Caliban had nothing over him. To try and get back at Prospero Caliban tried to rape Miranda, which Prospero saw as something, a savage would do. He also had another motive; he wanted Miranda to get pregnant so that there would, in theory, be more of Caliban than of Prospero. However as this did not work the idea could never be put into practice but it is the same kind of thing that Caliban thinks could have happened with Trincolo and Stephano. Prospero tries to colonize Caliban but this is not right as Calibans way of life is as respectable as Prosperos within the island community. Prospero also has an unusual relationship with Ariel another of his slaves. Prospero freed Ariel from a cage in which he had been placed by Sycorax. This put Ariel in debt but Prospero always allows him to be his own person and does not try to control him. Also when Ariel has served Prospero for long enough he is allowed to be free I shall miss thee but yet thee shalt have freedom. One of the things that Ariel did for Prospero is teach him to forgive and forget, it was he who spurred Prospero to let the royals free Your charm so strongly works em that if you now beheld them your affections would become tender Dost thou think so, spirit? His final relationships are with his family, Miranda and Antonio. He is very protective of Miranda as she is the only family he has known for a long time. But his relationship with Antonio is a little more complicated. For you, most wicked sir, whom to call brother would even infect my mouth, I do forgive thy rankest fault-all of them; and require my dukedom of thee, which perforce I know thou must restore. This is Prosperos way of forgiving Antonio. It is not very kindly and he insists on reclaiming his title. This portrays that they have a very stretched relationship and Prospero, given the choice, would not be brother to Antonio.